Fortress of North Carolina’s History

Stretching almost 500 miles through North Carolina and Virginia, the Blue Ridge Mountains stand like a fortress that conceal some of the oldest settlements of both pre-historic and early European settlement. Much of the 200-year-plus history of Appalachian culture still persists by simply discovering what remnants are left. In 1539, the first European expedition to venture into the Blue Ridge region was led by Span’s Hernando de Soto, as his troops landed near Tampa Bay, Florida, with over six hundred soldiers and some additional men (mostly servants and slaves).Soto's expedition headed toward the Appalachian interior with two goals — to find adventure and to discover gold and other precious metals rumored to be in the region. Numerous Native American tribes (most of them Mississippian cultures) resisted the Spaniards' advance (Olson 1988, p. 3). In May of 1540, Soto's expedition crossed the Blue Ridge, probably guided by Native American scouts who knew of a well-establ ished trail over the mountains. The expedition passed through the domain of the region's predominate tribe, the Cherokee, quickly and without difficulty.The reason behind must be that the tribe had already been decimated by smallpox or other European disease that spread to the Cherokee from coastal tribes, which likely had contracted that disease from earlier European explorers. The Peachtree site within the Cherokee county fits the description of the town of Guasili visited by Soto. The Peachtree site is geographically and topographically more accurately situated for the location of Guasili than either the Nacoochee or Etowah mounds, both of which had previously been considered as the site of Guasili.At present, this site in the midst of the Blue Ridge Mountains, where the feasibility of trails is limited, coincides more nearly with the expected situation as described by the chronicles than any other location. However, the significant point in this report is not whether this is the site of the ancient town of Guasili as shows at least one trail of importance which passes the site, while several others are connected to it (Setzler, Jennings & Stewart 1941, p. 9).However, it was England and France that garnered the political control of eastern North America, as many English settlers avoided exposure to the fighting by moving from the North Carolina and Virginia piedmont onto Cherokee lands in the Carolinas. In reaction, the Cherokee staged a series of attacks on English settlements and fortifications, a situation which came to be known as the Cherokee War. The Cherokee won several of these contests, including one major victory, the capture of Fort Loudoun on the Little Tennessee River in 1760.In retaliation English soldiers under Major Hugh Waddell in 1761 stormed Cherokee towns along the Little Tennessee River; suffering many casualties, the Cherokee pled for peace (Ehle 1988, p. 51). The English, recognizing that they could not fight the Cherokee and the Fren ch at the same time, forged a new alliance with the Cherokee. By 1763, this alliance had defeated the French and their Native American allies.English monarch King George III rewarded the Cherokee for their loyalty by issuing the Proclamation of 1763, which established a boundary line intended to prevent colonists from venturing onto Cherokee land. As the nineteenth century dawned in the Blue Ridge region with several states was mired in political squabbling over territorial boundaries. By 1800, the border between North Carolina and Virginia had already been surveyed, but North Carolina's border with the new state of Tennessee.As a cause of the frequent revision of county lines in the North Carolina Blue Ridge, it prompted the slowing the development of stable and productive county governments. The limited state funds allocated to mountain counties were often rendered ineffective by a lack of competent administration within the counties. For decades after the Revolutionary War, count ies in the Blue Ridge region not only were generally underrepresented in state politics, but also received little benefit from the federal government.Much of the western North Carolina landscape had been destroyed by the Revolutionary War, yet the state government of North Carolina put little effort toward boosting the region's economy. This was in part because the state's economy was sluggish, the result of many factors: a lack of harbors, the absence of an effective road system by which to conduct trade within the state, high transportation tariffs, and an over-dependence on agriculture (McPherson 1988, p. 65-71). In the North Carolina General Assembly in 1823, the state allocated funds for a trans-mountain road, the Buncombe Turnpike.Completed in 1827, this road linked South Carolina with Tennessee, allowing safe wagon transport from Greenville, South Carolina, over the North Carolina Blue Ridge, then through the valley of the French Broad River to Greeneville, Tennessee. A toll road, the Buncombe Turnpike profoundly affected the Blue Ridge communities through which it passed, providing economic relief to an impoverished region. Inns, supply outlets, and wagon-repair shops sprang up in a number of places along the turnpike. Owing to its strategic location along the turnpike, Asheville, North Carolina, grew quickly as a supply center for travelers.An important tourist attraction also emerged along the turnpike: Warm Springs, later called Hot Springs. The Buncombe Turnpike not only benefited the communities through which it was routed, but also served the nation by providing eastern markets with a steady supply of agricultural products, poultry, and livestock raised to the west of the Blue Ridge (Dunaway 1996, p. 113-115). During the Civil War, no major battles took place in the North Carolina Blue Ridge because political loyalties within the region were sharply divided, countless skirmishes occurred there.These conflicts were particularly frequent after July 1863, when the Confederate congress elected to position militia throughout the South in an attempt to capture draft evaders, return deserters to their commands, and control marauders who were opportunistically exploiting undermanned southern farms and villages. Confederate soldiers were soon present in the Blue Ridge, causing conflict wherever they encountered Union sympathizers. Thus, when the Civil War ended in 1865, marked the slowdown of political and social turmoil in the Blue Ridge region.The war had a profound impact on the region, as many people became disgusted at their ruined environment and disillusioned with their government. This is even worsened by the fact that political representation of the Blue Ridge people during Reconstruction was marked by corruption. Only after Reconstruction ended in the mid-1870s did state governments reorganize and actively participate in the economic development of the Blue Ridge. Finally, this improved the conditions in the region, which harnessed the forces of industrialization to come in. References Dunaway, Wilma A.(1996). The First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700-1860, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Ehle, John (1988) Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation, New York: Anchor Press. McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, New York: Ballantine Books. Olson, T. (1998). Blue Ridge Folklife. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. Setzler, F. M. , Jennings, J. D. , & Stewart, T. D. (1941). Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina. Washington, DC

Reconstruction: American Civil War and Black Man Essay

What were the objectives and long term effects of Reconstruction on political, economic and social development of the United States? Reconstruction, literally meaning the rebuilding of the shattered nation, was a pivotal movement between 1865 and 1877 in which the South was trying to be readmitted into the Union as well as a moment in time where blacks were attempting to gain a redefined status in American society. The period of reconstruction during the later half of the 19th century consisted of two primary periods, known as presidential and radical reconstruction. Each one had its own unique goals and accomplishments; both however making significant advances for both South and the freedmen following the end of the civil war. Politically, economically, and socially, America was affected significantly in these areas during the Reconstruction era. Although successful in its pursuit of readmitting the South and redefining the status of the black man, the greater of the two accomplishm ents for the country as a whole was the rise in importance of the black man in American society. While political participation became one of the leading goals for blacks, who thought and believed was a significant part of the overall definition of freedom, following the end of the Civil War, the South was devastated economically but starting from almost nothing, the Union was able to reassemble eventually into a united nation socially. The vision of freedom during this era was quite controversial during this time, as no single man appeared to have an acceptable and clear definition that applied to the common man. As Congressman James Garfield mentioned in 1865, â€Å"What is freedom? Is it the bare privilege of not being chained? If this is all, then freedom is a bitter mockery, a cruel delusion.† The idea of freedom meant two separate things for the white and black man. African American’s definition of freedom was based on their experiences as slaves and what they observed around them in what they considered a free society. Public education and the sharing of righ ts and opportunities as other American citizens were some of the ideals that swept through the minds of the once previous slaves. Henry Adams, who was an emancipated slave in the state of Louisiana stated, â€Å"If I cannot do like a white man, I am not free†; a common theme for all blacks during this redefining stage of the black man. Succession from the Union created a difficult path for the South back into the Union following the end of the Civil War in 1866. One of the most  difficult objectives for the country as a whole was to gain the cooperation of the South in attempt to redefine the status of the black man; a goal that the South clearly and for good reason wanted no part of. Although not blatantly said before civil war broke out between the North and South, the war was fought over the debate of slavery. Therefore, as the North requested the South’s cooperation in honoring the goals and motives of this movement, there was an almost expected surge in opposition from those below the Mason-Dixie line. Social developments among the black communities created lasting effects upon American Soc iety which has lasted more than a century. Institutions like churches became centers for schools and social events, and almost a century later became strongholds for speeches that propelled the civil rights movement. The first black universities began to spring up across the country suck as Fisk University in Tennessee, Hampton University in Virginia, and Howard University in Washington D.C. Black family life which previously never existed came into existence. These social advances sparked the political and economical changes that would soon follow. Presidential Reconstruction, 1865 through 1867, consisted of a series of proclamations that had one goal, to reunite the nation. The man behind all the action, President Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, became the man in charge of the restoration of the Union. Although President Andrew Johnson once supported emancipation under Lincoln, this would soon change as he came into power. With the objective of admitting the South back into the Union, the president restored political and property rights through a series of pardons to all white southerners who agreed to take an oath of allegiance. Even though this pardon was meant to exclude leaders of the once confederates and wealthy planters, they were also given the opportunity to take an oath of allegiance. Furthermore, President Johnson appointed provisional governors to call state conventions that would create loyal governments. Unfortunately, these ‘loyal governments’ would become primarily infested with confederate leaders. The only rules that the South was required to abide by was the abolishment of slavery, reunite with the union, and pay confederated debt. But in turn, the president allowed the new governments to manage their local affairs; foreshadowing a disastrous outlook for the freedom movement of the black man. Soon after the end of the Civil War in 1865, Frederick Douglas said, â€Å"Sla very is not abolished  until the black man has the ballot.† Political participation became one of the leading goals for blacks, who thought and believed was a significant part of the overall definition of freedom. Having agreed to allow local governments in the South to govern their own affairs, this created a wall of opposition to this objective of political participation. Black codes, put into effect by southern governments to regulate blacks’ lives granted legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts. At the same time the black codes denied blacks voting rights and the ability to testify against whites in courts; ultimately creating a greater divide not only between the North and the South, but the North and the President of the United States. However, the ratification of the fourteenth amendment following the passing of the Civil Rights Bill in April of 1866 put citizenship into effect for all Americans, requiring the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. This amendment stated that any state that denied the right for blacks to vote would have their representation in Congress reduced. This did not grant blacks the right to vote, however put political democracy in favor of the black community. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 marked the end of Presidential Reconstruction, and marked the beginning of a new period called Radical Reconstruction. This act along with the Tenure of Office Act, were just few of the political moves by Congress which characterized this time period. However most significant was the fifteenth amendment which under President Ulysses Grant in 1868 made it illegal to deny the right to vote based on race, literacy tests, property qualifications, and poll taxes. By 1870, the desire to have all states readmitted to the Union was completed. A few years previous of this, new state constitutions slowly started to form. Under these new state constitutions, the first established state-funded systems of free public education, prisons, orphanages, and institutions for the insane came to be. Further political action that affected American society which in some way or another has left an impact on society today is the Freedmen’s Bureau. This agency created in March of 1865 was put into place by Congress to establish schools, help the needy, settle disputes between blacks and whites, and finally maintain equal treatment for blacks and those loyal of the union in front of the courts. This bureau had a lasting impact, creating an astounding 3,000 schools, and ran hospitals that had been put into place  during the war. In addition, close to 250 blacks took office during the Reconstruction Era, marking a change in the direction of politics of the country as a whole. Following the end of the Civil War, the South was devastat ed economically. Numerous short-term effects became prominent, such as the situation with share cropping and the crop-lien system; two systems in which the black man as well as the white man came out as losers. However, due to the tremendous devastation that did take place railroads began to penetrate the South where investors and merchants took advantage of the ongoing situation. With the growing presence of the railroad companies in the South and their rapid expansion, towns and cities further inland became the market places for merchants and townsfolk. Cities like Atlanta for once were able to trade directly with the North. These cities expanded quickly and became enormous centers for great populations of people which are present today. Infrastructure, factories, and towns popped-up where they never would have existed without the introduction of the railroad. The Reconstruction Era was a period of time in American history which was represented by a country in shambles, a country divided not only b y the famous Mason-Dixie line but on grounds of ethics and morals. A country that had been devastated by war, and there existed points at which the conflict was not only between the North and South but also against the President of the United States like that of President Andrew Johnson. Starting from almost nothing, the Union was able to reassemble eventually into a united nation. The country was by no means unified on their perspectives such as politics or black’s place in society, but at least they were once again one union. Although unified once more, the reclassification of the black man in society far out-did the importance associated with readmitting the South into the Union. A country separated on accounts of civil war is by no means an easy situation to deal with. The process by which Congress and the North as well as South had to undergo in order to become what we now call the United States is no less than a marvel. But a greater success story can be found within the decade or so we call the Reconstruction Era. The freedom allotted to the black men that were once under white control is absolutely incredible. Not only was slavery abolished and black men allowed to vote thanks to the 15th amendment, but they finally took hold in American life with their own communities and establishments. There exists no other point  in American history besides the Revolutionary War that a group of people fought so hard, in desperation for their rights and the opportunity to live freely with the ability to reap nearly the same benefits as their counter parts, the white man. Within 12 years the black men were no longer slaves to a wealthy plantation owner, and no longer were they limited in society due to the belief that they were completely ignorant, but were now part of a nation that took significant progress in making blacks their equals. Although not perfect, an entire race was finally being recognized by society as a product-full part of society. A shattered nation was by no means an understatement in describing the condition of America following the Civil War. Not only having the overwhelming task of coming to terms of agreements with the succeeded states in order to re-unify the country, the country was also placed with another enormous situation, having to redefine the status of blacks in American Society. America has marveled many over its history, and has not let-up in its ability to amaze those in the accomplishments and advances made during this period of time. Whether it be the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, or the fact that by 1870 the once divided nation was whole again. America has the ability to overcome even with the odds against them. The railroad system not only penetrated the South, but created a lasting impact like that of bustling towns which have now grown into tremendous cities such as Atlanta. Public education finally came to the forefront with the creation of Universities still prominent today like that of Fisk University. However far apart and at the same time inter-related the objectives of the Reconstruction Era were, the re-admittance of the South into the Union was not the highlight of the late 19th century, but masked by the success story of the redefining of the black man in American society.

Views On Living In Orphanage Health And Social Care Essay

Methodology of research organizes all the constituents of the survey in a manner that is most likely to take valid replies to the bomber jobs that have been posed ( Burns and Grove, 2002 ) .It refers to assorted logical stairss that are by and large adopted by the research worker in analyzing the research job. This chapter presents the research design, puting, population, sample size and sampling technique, trying standards, tools used, building of the tools, cogency, dependability, pilot survey and informations aggregation adopted for the survey.RESEARCH APPROACHThe research attack is an overall program chosen to transport out the survey. The choice of research attack is the basic process for the behavior of research enquiry. For the present survey, a descriptive comparative study attack was considered most appropriate as the intent of the survey was to derive an apprehension of the well-being with kids ‘s positions on life in orphanhood and to compare the well-being and position ‘s on life in orphanhood of both parental and unparented kidsSetting OF THE STUDYâ€Å" Puting † refers to the country where the survey is conducted. Two orphanhoods home were selected for the survey. One orphanhood place is at Thondamuthoor which of consists of merely female kids who are remaining in domentry. The physical installations in that establishment are with dining hall, kitchen, little drama land and church to worship. There are two health professionals to look after those kids. They are holding tution, leisure clip and supplication clip. Every twelvemonth supplication cantonment is conducted on the month of May. Another orphanhood is at Podanur which consists of both male and female kids who are remaining in separate. The physical installations like drama land library and diversion suites. They celebrate every festivals in the orphanhood.PopulationThe population under the survey was the kids from 8 years to 16 years remaining in orphanhood place.SAMPLE SIZESample refers to a subset of population that is selected to take part in a peculiar survey ( Burns and Grove 2002 ) . In this survey sample size consisted of 160 ; Out of 160 sample 80 sample was selected for parental group in which kids with parents and 80 sample was selected for parentless group in which kids without parents. In Thoondamuthoor orphanage the sample selected were 100 in that 30 parental and 30 parentless kids and in Podanur orphanage the sample selected were 100 of which 60 were female 30 were comes under parental and 30 comes under unparented kids and of 40 males 20 was parental and 20 was unparented kids.Sampling Techniq ueThe sample was selected by simple random trying technique under chance sampling. In this simple random technique, a lottery method was used. A list of names were written and batch was prepared individually for parental and unparented kids. Then the samples were selected indiscriminately.Sampling StandardsInclusion standards Child of both the sex Childs who are the occupants of orphanhood Children with age between 8-16 old ages. Exclusion standards Child with mentally retardedDescription OF THE TOOLThe tool used in this survey was an interview agenda and ego administered questionnaires. The interview agenda is used to measure the demographic informations and positions on life in orphanhood. The ego administered questionnaires were used to measure the well-being of the kids which consists of four dimensions such as psychological, educational, societal and future.PART – IPart – I was designed to roll up demographic informations of the parental and unparented kids. Demographic information for parental kids ( age, sex, instruction of kids, continuance of stay in orphanhood, household members in place, business of male parent and female parent, monthly income of male parent and female parent, visit by household members and how frequently visit by household members traveling place and how frequently traveling place, traveling out with parents and how frequently go out with parents ) Demographic informations for parentless kids ( age, sex, instruction of kids, continuance of stay in orphanhood, have any relations, visit by relations and how frequently visit by relations, traveling to relatives topographic point, anybody taking out and how frequently taking out ) .PART – TwoThis portion was designed to measure the positions on life in orphanhood. It is a three point graduated table which has assorted facets including physical, mental, societal, emotional, and religious. In this three point graduated table each facets consists of 4-8 points used to rate the responses in three grades of Highly satisfied – 3, Satisfied – 2, and Not satisfied – 1. And a separate five point graduated table to measure the general position of life in orphanhood. It consists of merely one point was used to rate the responses under the class of really happy – 5, happy – 4, ca n't state – 3, unhappy – 2, really and unhappy – 1.P ART – ThreeThis portion was designed to measure wellbeing. It is a ego administered questionnaires for wellbeing which has four dimensions including psychological, educational, societal and future. In this scale each dimension consists 5 – 9 inquiries used to rate the responses. Most of the clip – 3 Some of the clip – 2 None of the clip -1Marking AND INTERPRETATION OF MarkingWellbeing Assessment Scale: It consists of four dimensions such as psychological, educational, societal and future. The negative points are scored reversely.S.NoDimensionMarking AND ScalingLow WellbeingAverage WellbeingHigh Wellbeing1. Psychological 1 – 9 10 – 18 19 – 27 2. Education 1 – 9 10 – 18 19 – 27 3. Social 1 – 6 7 – 12 13 – 18 4. Future 1 – 5 6 – 10 11 – 15 5. Overall 1 – 29 30 – 58 59 – 87Positions ON Life IN ORPHANAGE TOOLThe tool consists of three point graduated table and five point graduated table. In three point graduated table it consists of five factors such as physical, mental, societal, emotional and religious.S.NoPositionsHIGHLY SATISFIEDSATISFIEDNOT SATISFIED1. Physical Need 15 – 21 8 – 14 1 – 7 2. Mental Need 9 – 12 5 – 8 1 -4 3. Social Need 17 – 24 9 -16 1 – 8 4. Emotional Need 15 -21 8 -14 1 – 7 5. Religious Need 9 – 12 5 – 8 1 – 4 General feeling of life in orphanhood Five Point ScaleScaling MarkVery Happy 5 Happy 4 Ca n't Say 3 Unhappy 2 Very Unhappy 1DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOLThe development of the tool took three months of strenuous attempt for the undermentioned activities. The tool was developed based on the aims of the survey, Review of literature sing parenting, growing and development and well-being of kids and with the expert ‘s cognitionVALIDITY OF THE RESEARCH TOOLThe research tool including the aim of the survey along with the standards check list were submitted to five experts – four Nursing experts, and Psychologist. The four nursing experts were Professors with Master Degree in Nursing and working in different colleges of nursing in Coimbatore with more than 5 old ages of experience. The psychologist is the academic professor, DJ Academy for Managerial Excellence.RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH TOOLThe dependability of the wellbeing assessment graduated table and interview agenda was tested by trial retest method. The trial was administered to 16 kids populating in orphanhood. Correlation co-effic ient was calculated by Karl Pearson ‘s method. The obtained ‘r ‘ value was 0.82 for overall wellbeing appraisal graduated table and 0.9 for Interview agenda of positions on life orphanhood, which confirmed that there was high positive correlativity and internal consistence of the tool.PILOT STUDYA pilot survey was conducted in an orphanhood at Pottanampudoor in order to prove the practicableness and feasibleness of the tool. A formal permission was obtained from the Administrative Officer. 16 samples were selected, 8 samples from parental kids and 8 samples from unparented kids. Samples were selected by utilizing simple random sampling technique. After a self debut and good resonance with the kids the research worker collected the informations on positions on life in orphanhood and wellbeing through interview agenda and ego administered questionnaires. The continuance of pilot survey was ten days.The retest was administered after 8 yearss.The continuance of roll uping informations takes 20 minitues for one sample on one twenty-four hours. The wellbeing assessment graduated table is holding four dimensions which include psychological, educational, societal, and hereafter. The dependability of each dimension is checked and the overall dependability besides checked. The dependability of the psychological dimension.61, educational dimension.86, societal dimension.89, future dimension.71 and the overall dependability is.88. Positions on life in orpha nage interview agenda have five factors which include physical, mental, societal, emotional and religious, and a general feeling. The dependability for each factor is checked and the overall dependability besides checked. The dependability of the physical factor.75, mental factor.72, societal factor.81, emotional factor, religious factor.79 and for general feeling.78 and the overall dependability is.9. Pilot survey proved the adequateness of the tools and technique.DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREBefore beginning of informations aggregation one time once more the permission was obtained from the authorization through orally. The research worker foremost started the informations aggregation process at thondamuthoor orphanhood and visited the floors where the kids ‘s were remaining, selected 30 samples of parental kids and 30 samples of unparented kids who are all carry throughing the inclusion standards. Then the research worker explained the intent of the survey to the kids and obtai ns the willingness and engagement in the survey. After the sample was selected, a brief debut about ego and survey purpose was given to the kids. After obtaining their resonance and willingness, the informations collected sing the demographic features and for kids ‘s positions on life in orphanhood, interview agenda was used for the well-being of the kids, ego administered questionnaires was used. For both parental and unparented kids the informations are collected individually. After roll uping the information from the thondamuthoor orphanhood, the research worker visited another orphanhood which is in Podanur and started the informations aggregation process by choosing 50 parental and 50 parentless kids who are all carry throughing the inclusion standards. The information was collected under the same process. The informations aggregation period was 30 yearss.Plan FOR DATA ANALYSISThe informations obtained were analyzed in footings of the survey utilizing descriptive and illative statistics.Descriptive statisticsFrequency and per centum distribution were used to analyse demographic variables and to measure and compare the degree of wellbeing and positions on life in orphanhood. Mean and intend score per centum was used to find the degree of good being and positions on life in orphanhood.Inferential statisticsChi-square was used to happen out the association between the positions on life in orphanhood with selected variables of the kids and the association between degrees of wellbeing with selected demographic variables of the kids. Unpaired â€Å" T † trial was used to find the important difference in the degree of wellbeing with positions on life in orphanhood.

2008 financial crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

2008 financial crisis - Essay Example I realize that hard work and determination alone do not seemingly provide all my needs. For instance, I can secure a job in the event that a vacancy is available somewhere. However, the major challenge is the availability of those vacancies. It therefore seems that while hard work is critical in getting a job, other factors beyond my control also comes into play. Back in the days, finding jobs was much easier that it is today. Like today, the conditions were still strict but the opportunities were abundant since many employers were available. The 2008 global financial crisis changed all that. The crisis was partly a result of poor investment plans and the resulting consequences were felt across the globe. There was a general weakening of the global economy with many large corporations running bankrupt. This shrank the job market as many people were left jobless. The US government in an attempt to bail out bankrupt corporations, extended loans and grants to them and this added to the problem. However, I am not very sure about the very extent of the assistance. In my study, I seek to find out what exactly caused the financial crisis. Who or what was responsible for it, how it impacted on the government and society, and how much the government spent in mitigating it. In addition, I will also like to find information on how difficult it was for people who were recently looking for jobs after the crash. Finally Id also like to learn what new regulations have been made to prevent future crashes (Savona, 78). I will therefore begin my study by running an internet search on the causes of the financial crisis. Of the top results I obtained was an article from The Financial Law Review, the author clearly espouses all the issues around the global financial crisis and highlights the role of investment banks in creating the mess (Avgouleas, 456). Henry Lehman with his two brothers Emanuel and Mayer Lehman had founded the firm in Montgomery,

Economics Module 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Module 3 - Assignment Example (10 pts.) Watch  at least one of the following entertaining videos:   (i)  LearnLiberty.orgs The Broken Window Fallacy  (3.09); and (ii)  Stossel Macro Video 04 - Government spending, jobs, and unemployment  (2.40) Listen  to or read at least one of the following pieces: (i)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Seen and What Is Not Seen  by Frederic Bastiat. Or, listen-on-the-go to the  Audio   (8.11); and (ii)Creating Jobs vs. Creating Wealth  by Dwight Lee (Audio, 8.58 minutes).    Directions:   Use your knowledge of the â€Å"Broken Window Fallacy† to evaluate each of the following claims.   These statements are used frequently by proponents to argue that government spending can help pull an economy out of a recession.  What does economic analysis indicate with regard to this argument? (Hint:   Write the â€Å"seen† and the â€Å"not seen† effect of each one of these proposals.) 2.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I propose that we hire all of the unemployed people as government workers and pay half of them to dig holes and the other half to fill them back up.   This way everyone who wants a job can have one!† This is a true policy that was implemented by the government to basically find a reason to spend. As of now, the focal point is in spending when the government must enact programs to stimulate growth. FDR has similar initiatives during the Great Depression as he forced the government to spend in public infrastructure even when it was necessary. This policy created jobs and reached its objectives of keeping unemployment rates low. 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The unemployment rate is high and, therefore, it is time to stimulate the economy!   I propose that we use tax dollars to pay car dealers to destroy older used cars by smashing them and sending them to the dump.   This will cause people to buy new cars which will increase economic activity and put us on the path to

What is a small power Is international development a different issue Essay

What is a small power Is international development a different issue for small powers - Essay Example China's economy, culture, science and technology and navigation had reached a peak that was unequaled anywhere else in the world. Its skilled navigators and the "Silk Road" linking western China with western Asia had introduced advanced Chinese technology and civilization to Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, the Middle West Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Years of war and long periods of centralized ruling and a closing down of borders have slowed down China's development. China re-emerged recently as the fastest growing economy in the world. The development goals of China are not without its challenges and this paper seeks to explore different challenges facing China with regard to challenges. Cultural Revolution began in the mid-1960s in China. With the start of this revolution many people started having radical leftist thinking. Initially, intellectual achievement and foreign ideas, and the professions, including management, were not considered important. Formal management education was hard to find in China and those having a yearning for managerial education were discouraged. Social, political, and economic changes have brought about new development in the republic of China. Initially problems like poverty, illiteracy, and premature mortality haunted China because of the feudal structure of the society. Progress and development were not the key features of this society. Land reforms started in the 1950s and 1960s brought some changes in the society with the help of modernization. Class and gender inequalities that existed before started diminishing with the passage of time. Though China opened up itself to many Western concepts but the way different concepts have been adopted and used in China differ a lot from the West. The change was initiated but it could not be sustained at the level it was initiated. The Chinese Communist Party has not been able to shun the values and influence of feudal background. Population & Development In any discussion of the world population problem, China is usually first country mentioned, along, perhaps, with India. As the first nation with more than 1 billion people, China's impact on its own as well as global economy and environment promises to become larger with each passing year. Population explosion has been the biggest concern of China with respect to its development. As the population increased the demands on the infrastructure and the environment also increased. It has been estimated that China's population will increase to 1.5 billion by 2030 causing extra strains on the capacity of the environment and natural resources. "China's population will continue to grow in the next 40 years as a result of its huge base of fertile population. It is well known that the dynamics are determined not only by the current levels of fertility, mortality and migration, but also by previous levels of these components of change, which effect the current age-gender structure" (Shen, 1998). Problems of living space for families, access to potable water resources, health, education and many other issues come up as a result of unbridled population explosion. Pace of modernization has been greatly affected by population pressure. The immense employment pressure also results because of increase in the working population. Unemployment thus becomes another challenge. Despite growing population efforts have been made to curtail the problems that crop

Management theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management theories - Essay Example With new management theory so readily available, it seems that few if any of the historical theories meet our expectations today. However, in choosing one the choice here would be the Administrative Principles. This approach, at least made an attempt to focus on the total organization and today we know that each entity in an organization is important to the whole and how those entities function together is extremely important. In this particular theory, Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was the developer of the theory. There were fourteen general principles that were put into place as a part of this principle. There are truly some good things and some bad things here.(provenmodels, 2010). Division of labor: This is a method of achieving maximum efficiency through the use of specialized labor rather than just splitting people up by the technical activities they do. This is, in some ways, how a hospital works today and many other major businesses too. The division of labor is usually split up by specialty. For example, the business office, the admissions, the coders etc. Establishment of Authority: Here the true ability to make a decision and carry it out is available to the manager. Today, we call it one kind of power or another but even today, there are organizations that are unable to release this authority even to their top managers. As one reads these points, it is realized that they are all important today and we think of them as a part of one or more of the theories we study today. When the pros are thought of, one of the things that leaps out at the reader immediately is the stability of jobs. In today's world there are beginning to be short numbers of staff in many specialty fields. It is also known that training and retraining staff are very expensive (Jick, & Perpirl,, 2003). With that known, retention of staff becomes extremely important, as important today at it was then. The other pros are that unity of command remains important today as well as unity of direction. Today, we understand that it is important to assure that employees other than senior management staff are a part of strategic planning, for example. The cons are that this is a step back of course from what we know today and though the fourteen points are useful, it all seems somewhat complicated to use and they are somewhat vague in spots a nd seem a little confusing. The theory that is most

Lesson in living Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lesson in living - Essay Example In most instances, these derisions occurred in private as many of these individuals in my peer network did not have the legitimate self-confidence to be more expressive and bold with their negative commentaries. It was common, when an unpopular student wearing last year’s fashion trends walked by, to snicker and scorn in an environment where this type of behavior was applauded. I have to admit, more than once, I found personal satisfaction in these mockeries. One particular student, I will call him â€Å"David†, was obviously from a home environment that did not have much financial wealth. David would often wear the same clothing more than once during the school week, which was a significant fashion faux pas in my social network. Moreover, David did not appear to be very intelligent, as during many in-class discussions and examinations, David was not very articulate and often seemed to struggle with the simplest curriculum concepts. It was common practice for my popular friends to sneer and disparage David whenever his perceived intelligence problems were illustrated to the rest of the class. Admittedly, I found these situations quite amusing, a product of my immaturity and high need for social inclusion. One day, during lunch period, our popular table saw David walking by, carrying a sack lunch, which was a significant error for those who could afford higher quality lunches from the diverse cafeteria bakery and vending machines. Deciding to take the lead on the next contempt and disrespect for David, I offered, much more loudly than I had anticipated, â€Å"Here comes our favorite crash test dummy.† David stopped dead in his tracks, having overheard what I just said, a look of confusion and annoyance on his face. Immediately, the group of popular students started laughing, clearly amused that David had overhead my malicious comments. In addition, one popular student spit out a mouthful of milk, illustrating the depth to which he found this situation filled with hilarity at David’s expense. David, seeming neither amused nor infuriated, replied with a single word: â€Å"Thanks†, and simply walked to his table to enjoy his bag lunch. Granted, I was only bothered that I had been overhead with my derogatory comment and felt no empathy for David’s position. Approximately one month after this incident, our social studies teacher assigned an in-class activity where our task was to evaluate three specific students in the class using a stereotype, a cultural artifact, and a cultural term from a list to describe why the chosen student fit these terms. Much to my dismay, I had been chosen by several students for spotlight which highlighted my fashion prowess related to the concept of the cultural artifact. Essentially, the implication was that my fashion sense was a throwback from previous decades which, for the first time, put me in a position of public dishonor. Following this further, according to another student, my choice of clothing â€Å"came directly from a vintage resale clothing rack.† Of course, my popular friends found this considerably amusing and I understood, at that moment, the complex feelings of embarrassment and awkwardness when being a target of degradation. When it was David’s turn to present, he firmly (and articulately) offered to the

Marketing Consultancy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Consultancy - Assignment Example The target audience is the police in the UK and more precisely, the Metropolitan Police department. The DeltaNu Reporter seems not to be a threat to the company and its not affecting the performance of the company. For the products, they pass through five stages in the life cycle of the product along with the test market phase. First the test market is conducted and then it passes through introduction, growth, maturity, and decline and saturation stage (Smallwood, n.d.). Analytik is operating in UK and Ireland and requires following the procedures of the Minister of Defense (MOD) of UK. The political environment is very important as the rules and regulations regarding the trade practice are decided by the political party in power. It may create favourable or unfavourable situations for the business. Looking at the threat levels toward the nation the policy are framed which is in favour of the products of Analytik. The current recession had hit hard globally and UK was also hit by the financial crises. This forced the government to reduce down the cost or expenditure in the public departments. The effects are directly towards the products procurements. But the economy is regaining back to its normal state of affairs and there is a better future prospect of the product to grow in this segment. The UK government is more focused upon the safety and security measures for maintaining peace. The increased risk of terrorism had resulted in security issues. The product of Analytik like ReporteR is in need for such safety measures. It helps the police department in preventing both narcotics and explosives entry to UK. The government as well as the society wants a peaceful social life. Technology is vital for any product development which provides an enhanced quality product to the market. The police departments are using better technology but due to the financial budget constraints, it restricts to acquire more developed equipments. Technological advancement adds

Patients Dealing with Poverty Essay Example for Free

Patients Dealing with Poverty Essay Poverty affects almost half the world. Over three billion people live on less than $2.50 a day (Global Issues). The United States, one of the wealthiest nations in the world, accounts for almost 12% of these statistics. In addition to these people, another 50 million are â€Å"near poverty† level. Even more alarming, according to the 1999 Census Bureau, over 16% of all children in the United States live in poverty verse the recorded 12% of adults (Yahoo Health). I chose to write about people living with poverty because God has really placed the issue on my heart this year. Last May, my father lost his job and became homeless. I am happy to say he is now employed and looking for housing. After seeing the effects of poverty first hand, I have felt tremendously compelled to reach out to those in need. I have applied for an Episcopal Urban Intern Program through AmeriCorps and if I am accepted, I will be working with them starting in August. God has really blessed me with a heart of compassion and understanding, and I want to use that gift to serve others to the best of my ability. Poverty is a global issue that affects every corner of our world. There are an endless amount of people suffering in every county and many issues to be discussed. Because there are so many people affected worldwide, I am only going to focus on the effects in the United States for this essay. So, what is poverty? Poverty can be defined in several different ways. According to the US Census Bureau, poverty is measured in numbers. Any person living on a yearly income of $11,136 or under (add $2,820 for each additional person in the household) is considered to be in poverty (US Census 2010). However, the social definition of poverty is any person living with a lack of essential items such as food, clothing, water, and shelter (Think Quest). Minority racial and ethnic groups are much more likely to live in poverty. Also, poverty is much more prevalent in single, female-headed households (Yahoo Health). It is extremely important to be educated about the kinds of people living in poverty, especially if you are a healthcare worker, because the effects of their financial status greatly impact their well-being. Individuals living at or near poverty level suffer a variety of chronic ailments. They often have no health insurance so they rely on emergency rooms for care and often do not fill their prescriptions. They frequently postpone getting medical care due to lack of insurance and also have shorter life spans (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). For every small decrease in income we see a significant decrease in health outcome. Another big concern of poverty-level individuals is that they are more likely to smoke and to live sedentary lifestyles (Hope Through Healing Hands). In a study done in year 2000, researchers found that more than one third of people living in poverty had a drug or alco hol problem. Also, more than half (56%) of those studied reported not having enough to eat at sometime in the last year (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). Lack of nutrition, for any period of time, can cause detrimental effects on the body such as weight loss, bone deterioration, and even death (Merck Manuals). Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety were also very prevalent in this study of poverty-stricken people. Something very interesting to me about this study is that in response to interview questions about issues in daily life, personal health and/or access to health care services were the third most commonly cited concerns (employment and housing were the top two concerns). Among these health concerns, costs and health insurance coverage were the biggest issues raised. Nearly half of Americans whose incomes are below 150% of the poverty level are without insurance coverage. In contrast, only about 40% of those with incomes below 100% of the poverty level are without health insurance (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). This is due to the target income range of government programs. Federal and state programs (such as Medicaid) help tremendously with insuring those at poverty level. However, there are many others considered the â€Å"working poor† who do not qualify for these programs. These people all too often have to choose between paying for meals and paying for health care. Those living in poverty that do have health insurance from government programs often have very limited coverage. Prescription medications and medical supplies (such as eyeglasses) are often not included. Healthcare professionals often mistake those in poverty, especially those between the 150% 200% level range, as non-compliant patients (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). Because people living in poverty often do not come in for preventative care, do not fill prescriptions, and fail to adhere to other recommendations, they can easily be mistaken for â€Å"bad patients.† It is a common misconception that they are ignorant to the importance of health care. It is imperative to understand that these individuals are doing the best they can with the finances and resources they have available. The main solution to health care problems those living in poverty face is a change to our health care system. Coverage needs to be available to all members of society for all health needs. As healthcare workers, we are not all called to be change agents in the world for this cause. However, we can educate ourselves to better understand poverty so we can deal effectively with those patients experiencing it. Americans almost always seem to be informed of poverty in under-developed countries. They also seem to be well-aware that poverty causes poor health. Still, many in the U.S. remain unaware that this problem exists in our country as well (Hope Through Healing Hands). Healthcare providers can communicate effectively with poverty-stricken individuals by showing a genuine desire to assist and serve them. Developing a sense of empathy, not sympathy, for the person shows that you care for them rather than feel bad for them. It is important to understand that these individuals’ sense of time occurs only in the present. They rarely think of the future or what effects their present actions might have on them later in life (TFC Association). They live for today because that is all they have. It is best to project kindness to these individuals, as with any group of people. Another very effective tool for helping those living in poverty is providing resources. Researching free or low-cost programs in your community and sharing them with these patients is a great way to help. Using appropriate humor is also a great way to lighten the mood and bring a smile to someone’s face that may be experiencing financial hardships (TFC Association). There are so many problems poverty brings upon an individual. Living with this burden can truly effect a person is so many ways. As a healthcare worker there is only so much we can do to assist people at these low-income levels. Although we can not provide a means for them financially or fix the living situation they are in, it is important to understand the impact we can have just by being compassionate. If you work in an office with ignorance to this issue, it is vital to inform those around you about the effects of poverty on health care. Before jumping to conclusions about a patient who is non-compliant, you may want to ask questions to find out if it is due to poverty. The key is to treat them with dignity and respect, regardless of their social status, and you really will make a difference. Works Cited 1. Poverty Facts and Stats — Global Issues. Global Issues : Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All — Global Issues. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats. 2. Poverty. Yahoo! Health. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://health.yahoo.net/galecontent/poverty-and-health#povertyintheunitedstates. 3. Poverty Data Poverty Threshholds U.S Census Bureau. Census Bureau Home Page. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/index.html. 4. Finding Solutions to Poverty. A Dollar a Day: What Is Poverty? Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00282/over_whatis.htm. 5. Understanding the Culture of Poverty. Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. www.tfcassociation.org//10Beveridge%20Todd%2022OCT%20THU%20Plenary.ppt. 6. Poverty and Healthcare: Fatefully Linked. Hope Through Healing Hands. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.hopethroughhealinghands.org/_uploads/Pov erty%20and%20Healthcare_Fatefully%20Linked_Johnson%20City%20Press_6.21.09.pdf. 7. Undernutrition: Disorders of Nutrition and Metabolism: Merck Manual Home Edition. Merck Co., Inc. Is a Global Research-driven Pharmaceutical Products Company. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec12/ch153/ch153a.html. 8. â€Å"Health Needs of People Living Below Poverty Level.† Transplant Financial Coordinators. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2001/may01/special2.pdf.

Motives, Triggers And Barriers To Internationalization

Motives, Triggers And Barriers To Internationalization In general, internationalization occurs when the company expand its business activities into foreign markets. There might be several reasons for this. Of course, the most frequent reason is to expand profits, but this is not the only one. The motives and triggers for internationalization are a key concept for firms that are planning to enter the global market since both concepts will shape the internationalization strategy or path (Äijà ¶ et al) and main characteristics of this process. Table 2 and Table 3 present the main motives and triggers. If the main reason to start exporting is to increase profits and growth, the potential new markets will be those where the competition is less fierce and margins can be set on a higher level. If the goal is to reduce costs by expanding the economies of scale, the target countries might be anyone, independent of the profit level that the company can achieve there as long as there are positive. If the fierce competition in the local market is the driver to star exporting, then the foreign market will be determined as a defensive strategy mainly by forces external to the firm. Another crucial concept is the barriers hindering the export initiation. If any one of this factors or a combination of them is available in the firms context, it may hold back the internationalization of the firm for a long period or even forever. According to Hollensen (2008), the critical factors hindering internationalization initiation are mainly internal. Table 4 summarizes these barriers. In the Day Chocolate case, and based on the general information analysed and on the company history, it will be assumed that the primary motive to start the internationalization process is to increase profits and to grow in revenue. In addition, some foreign market opportunities could be considered as a motive. On the other hand, Competitive Pressure as a reactive motive could also have been stated, but it does not seem the main one according to the information analysed. The Day Chocolate is a small company and usually the firms that react to competitive pressures are larger than they are. Furthermore, Days revenue and market share are increasing according to companies figures, so the competitive pressure is not really a problem yet. The rest of the motives in Table 2 were discarded after a careful examination. The main trigger found in the The Day Chocolate case can be the Perceptive management. The company management is highly professional, includes people with many different backgrounds and the fact that the headquarters are in London -a well known international financial and trade centre- provides another good reason to support this interpretation. The second trigger might be the Importing as inward internationalization. Although the products and the headquarters are I the United Kingdom, the production facilities are located in Germany and the final product is exported from there to the U.K., according to the BBC[19]. The knowledge accumulated by importing the product from one European country to England can be used to make easy the export process to any other European nation. In order to be able to answer the question regarding to which country they should go (export or invest in) it is assumed that no barriers hindering the export initiation exists or that if they exist, they are preventable at an affordable cost. It can also be assumed that these barriers will not stop the internationalization of the firm but rather slow the velocity at which the company expands abroad. 2.5.2. Strategic approach to internationalization Once it has become clear that the firm can, needs or wants to export or expand their operations abroad, there is a need of knowing how and where to go. In order to answer these questions it is necessary to have a framework to guide the analysis. For The Day Chocolate case the guidebook presented in Internationalization Handbook by Äijà ¶ (Äijà ¶ et al. 2005) was the most appropriated. This structure is presented in Figure 5. According to Äijà ¶ the first part (Part I) in Figure 5 is the selection of the appropriate Internationalization Path. In his book, he presents three typical pathways that the internationalization process of a software firm may take, but his steps and conclusions can also be expand to any firm in the confectionery market like Days chocolate. This area under discussion is also the same as the one that Hollensen refers as Internationalization theories or models in the third chapter of his book Essentials of Global Marketing. For the purpose of this work, the 3 pathways presented by Äijà ¶ can also be increase with the many other presented by Hollensen. Among many models, paths or theories, the most well known are the one presented in Table 5. Based on Days corporate webpage statistics and from private sector publications[20], like Tranchell Doherty, it can be assumed that the company started it internationalization process by choosing an Organic growth path. The timeline on the firms webpage confirms that Devines management decided to begin their operations abroad in markets that are very close in location but also in culture and institutions like the United States and that the internationalization process has been taking place in small but incremental steps. The size of the company and the market where it operates also support this view. In contrast with what happens with large companies, where the internationalization process happens in a relatively continuous and incremental fashion, for SMEs (like The Day Chocolate) in general this process is made in small incremental steps. According to Hollensen, usually for SMEs the internationalization process is relatively discrete and every project is distinct and individual. The fact that the company operates in the confectionery industry and not in the IT sector, among other facts, is also a good reason for not considering this firm chocolate as a born global company. Freeman (2002) also states that for Small and Medium Enterprises managers tend to gather and look for relevant knowledge and information before becoming internationalization ready, which is consistent with Devines history and with the Uppsala model[21]. In 2007, the company took the next step in its internationalization process by setting a foot in the United States market by opening offices there. According to Johanson, and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) that would have constituted the third stage. 2.5.3. The country choice Once the company has determined the path for internalization, its management needs to start the potential markets selection process (Part II in figure x.1). To address this problem, the screening process detailed in Rugman and Collinson (1995) will be used. 2.5.3.1. First screening: determining what product to offer to the world market This first screening is crucial in determining the potential of the companys goods in markets other than the local. This task can be carried on successfully by using a wide number of market research tools. International trade statistics inspection, competitors financial information analysis and research papers or databases that are offered by international multilateral organizations like FAO, the World Bank and the IMF could be valuable tools as well. In general, chocolate confectionery is offered in all almost the countries of the world. In this sense, initially there are a large number of potential countries where to choose from. However, in this case, the company is selling a very specific product (high quality + socially friendly chocolate) that limits the scope of this first screening. One drawback when dealing with this kind of specific and one-in-a-kind characterized goods is the lack of information or the excessive cost of getting it. A first measure to identify the potential foreign markets for The Day Chocolate would be analysing the world trade evolution of Fair-Trade products. That might help the firms management in recognizing the most active markets for this kind of products. As it is shown in Table 6 and according to the Fairtrade Labelling Organizations (FLO) in 2009 they were many countries showing a dynamic market for this kind of products. Among them, it is necessary to highlight Canada, Finland, Australia and New Zealand where the surge in the transactions was higher that 65% in the first case and about 60% in the other tree cases. Other nations with a remarkable performance were Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Ireland and Sweden. Although the U.K. and the United States presented a performance below the average growth rate of 15%, it is necessary to state that they are still by far the most important markets in volume for organic and fair-traded goods. Regarding the specific case of this companys main product, a NGO -TransFair USA- declare that during 2008 the imports of fair-trade certified cocoa into the U.S. rose at rates of more than 50%.[22] Finally, the genuine potential of every market will be ultimately determined by the interaction with other factors such as socio cultural forces and economic conditions. 2.5.3.2. Second screening: Macroeconomic and financial conditions The last World Economic Outlook report from the International monetary Fund (IMF)[23] clearly shows what to expect for the upcoming years. The developed countries GDP will grow on average 2,5% in 2011, still trying to recover from 2007s financial crisis. The U.S., Germany, and the U.K, together with some developed Asian countries such as South Korea will be presenting above average growth rates. However, some countries like Spain, Italy and France will show a growth rate between 0% and 1%. On the other hand, developing nations are expected to growth on average 6,5%, with Developing Asia and Latin America leading among these regions. From a macroeconomic point of view, the next years are going to be very good ones for most of the developing countries and also for some developed nations. For the purpose of this document, the countries will be segmented in four categories, considering that The Day Chocolate should focus in the short run on those that are not experiencing a recession. Table 7 contains this information. However, the product that they are offering is not a cheap one. It is a premium product and usually the prices are above the average. In this context, the income levels of the consumers are also an important factor to be considered. This is what Rugman Collinson (1995) called the Market intensity. Figure 6 shows the relation between the per capita income level for all developed countries and the expected GDP growth for 2011. As it is shown, there are 1 group that is more desirable for the company. The second quadrant comprises all countries showing both very high income level and high expected level of economic activity. However, the companys management might find also attractive potential markets in countries that do not have a very high level of per capita income, but whichs economies are growing very fast (Quadrant 4). 2.5.3.3. Third screening: Political and Legal forces This step covers the examination of the political and legal forces in every potential market. There might be trade barriers that obstruct the export process or the lack of solid institutions can represent a serious risk in the form of the future losses. One way to detect this serious problems is by addressing to the World Economic Forums (WEF) Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)[24]. This index includes a weighted average of several different components, each one of them measuring a diverse feature of the competitiveness. Those components are grouped into 12 categories or pillars. The first one of these pillars is Institutions. The GCI is calculated for 140 countries and the results are available free of charge. Table 8 presents the most important variables and their weight within the first pillar: Institutions. Table 9 provides some of the results obtained by the WEFs researchers for the 2010/11 index[25]. There it can be seen that the countries with the most stable or trustworthy are in general also those with a higher level of economic development. 2.5.3.4. Forth screening: socio-cultural forces A multinational corporation or a company desiring to become one should examine the main social and cultural disparities between the potential market and the home country. The concepts of cultural distance and psychological distance as presented in Hollensen (2008) have the potential of disturbing the normal flow between the foreign market and the company. Language, religion, work habits, ethnicity, age and many other socio-cultural factors may influence the decision regarding where to locate the operations. Maps 1 and 2 illustrate this theory by presenting the world distribution of the main religions and of the English speaking nations. For The Day Chocolate to avoid problems generated by cultural distance it will be recommended to establish operations or to export to anglo-saxon countries, like former British colonies or commonthwealth nations. Other european nations, specially those from German and Nordic origins, might be suitable in this first stage of internationalization. In a future stage, and after reducing these distances by means of the learning process, the firm might also attempt to gain a foot in more culturally distant markets. Focus groups activities and consumer surveys can help the firm in determining the main differences and similarities between the foreign market and the headquarters values and culture. 2.5.3.5. Fifth screening: Competitive enviroment This last stage of the analysis focuses on the competitive forces. Confronted with comparable and equally desirable potential markets, the firms tend to internationalize to those where the competition is less ferocious. The lack of competition can provide the company with some degree of monopolistic power that might have the power to increase the earnings. In the case analyzed, there were detected many new actors entering into the market in the last years, also some big players in the industry like Nestle and Cadbury are making efforts to tap this fast growing segment[26]. Despite these facts, competition is still not a barrier in most of the national markets analysed. Special attention should be paid to Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where several small and medium local producers have a long lasting tradition manufacturing chocolate products of world recognized quality[27]. 2.5.3.6. Final selection According to The Day Chocolates website, the firm currently operates in 11 markets. In the U.K.[28] and in the United States, the company has direct control over its business. In the rest of the countries, they rely on other companies, which are in charge of the distribution channels (Canada, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Japan). Trough the screening process and its five stages many countries were considered as potential new markets: Finland, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, South Korea, Germany, Switzerland and Romania. Germany and Switzerland were discarded mainly because of the competitive environment and in second place because some possible cultural distance. South Korea was finally not considered fundamentally because the huge cultural distance and also because the physical distance. Due to the market size and growth projections, the chocolate per capita consumption[29], the similarities in the socio-cultural environments, the reliable legal and political framework, the expected friendly competitive context this document concludes that The Day Chocolates management should make an effort to analyse in more detail the potential of the following new markets: Australia, Finland, Belgium and New Zealand.

A horseshoe magnet

A horseshoe magnet A-1 Horseshoe magnet red silver iron A horseshoe magnet (A-1) has a north and south pole. If a piece of carbon steel contacts both poles, a magnetic circuit is created. In an electromagnetic brake, the north and south pole is created by a coil shell and a wound coil. In a brake, the armature is being pulled against the brake field. (A-3) The frictional contact, which is being controlled by the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to stop. All of the torque comes from the magnetic attraction and coefficient of friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the brake field. For many industrial brakes, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate. But different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque) for special applications. For example, if the brake was required to have an extended time to stop or slip time, a low coefficient material can be used. Conversely, if the brake was r equired to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low RPM applications), a high coefficient friction material could be used.[1] In a brake, the electromagnetic lines of flux have to attract and pull the armature in contact with it to complete brake engagement. Most industrial applications use what is called a single-flux two-pole brake. The coil shell is made with carbon steel that has a combination of good strength and good magnetic properties. Copper (sometimes aluminum) magnet wire, is used to create the coil, which is held in shell either by a bobbin or by some type of epoxy/adhesive.[2] To help increase life in applications, friction material is used between the poles. This friction material is flush with the steel on the coil shell, since if the friction material was not flush, good magnetic traction could not occur between the faces. Some people look at electromagnetic brakes and mistakenly assume that, since the friction material is flush with the steel, that the brake has already worn down, but this is not the case.[3] [edit] Basic Operation There are three parts to an electrmagnetic brake: field, armature, and hub (which is the input on a brake) (B-2). Usually the magnetic field is bolted to the machine frame (or uses a torque arm that can handle the torque of the brake). So when the armature is attracted to the field the stopping torque is transferred into the field housing and into the machine frame decelerating the load. This can happen very fast (.1-3sec). Disengagement is very simple. Once the field starts to degrade flux falls rapidly and the armature separates. A spring(s) hold the armature away from its corresponding contact surface at a predetermined air gap.[4] V-1 Right hand thumb rule If a piece of copper wire was wound, around the nail and then connected to a battery, it would create an electro magnet. The magnetic field that is generated in the wire, from the current, is known as the right hand thumb rule. (V-1) The strength of the magnetic field can be changed by changing both wire size and the amount of wire (turns). EM clutches are similar; they use a copper wire coil (sometimes aluminum) to create a magnetic field. The fields of EM brakes can be made to operate at almost any DC voltage and the torque produced by the brake will be the same as long as the correct operating voltage and current is used with the correct brake. If a 90 volt brake had 48 volts applied to it, this would get about half of the correct torque output of that brake. This is because voltage/current is almost linear to torque in DC electromagnetic brakes. A constant current power supply is ideal for accurate and maximum torque from a brake. If a non regulated power supply is used the magnetic flux will degrade as the resistance of the coil goes up. Basically, the hotter the coil gets the lower the torque will be produced by about an average of 8% for every 20Â °C. If the temperature is fairly constant, and there is a question of enough service factor in the design for minor temperature fluctuation, by slightly over sizing the brake can compensate for degradation. This will allow the use of a rectified power supply, which is far less expensive than a constant current supply. Based on V = I R, as resistance increases available current falls. An increase in resistance, often results from rising temperature as the coil heats up, according to: Rf = Ri [1 + aCu (Tf Ti)] Where Rf = final resistance, Ri = initial resistance, aCu = copper wires temperature coefficient of resistance, 0.0039 Â °C-1, Tf = final temperature, and Ti = initial temperature. [edit] Engagement Time There are actually two engagement times to consider in an electromagnetic brake. The first one is the time it takes for a coil to develop a magnetic field, strong enough to pull in an armature. Within this, there are two factors to consider. The first one is the amount of ampere turns in a coil, which will determine the strength of a magnetic field. The second one is air gap, which is the space between the armature and the coil shell. Magnetic lines of flux diminish quickly in the air. The further away the attractive piece is from the coil, the longer it will take for that piece to actually develop enough magnetic force to be attracted and pull in to overcome the air gap. For very high cycle applications, floating armatures can be used that rest lightly against the coil shell. In this case, the air gap is zero; but, more importantly the response time is very consistent since there is no air gap to overcome. Air gap is an important consideration especially with a fixed armature design because as the unit wears over many cycles of engagement the armature and the coil shell will create a larger air gap which will change the engagement time of the brakes. In high cycle applications, where registration is important, even the difference of 10 to 15 milliseconds can make a difference, in registration of a machine. Even in a normal cycle application, this is important because a new machine that has accurate timing can eventually see a drift in its accuracy as the machine gets older. The second factor in figuring out response time of a brake is actually much more important than the magnet wire or the air gap. It involves calculating the amount of inertia that the brake needs to decelerate. This is referred to as time to stop. In reality, this is what the end-user is most concerned with. Once it is known how much inertia is present for the brake to stop then the torque can be calculated and the appropriate size of brake can be chosen. Most CAD systems can automatically calculate component inertia, but the key to sizing a brake is calculating how much inertial is reflected back to the brake. To do this, engineers use the formula: T = (WK2 ?N) / (308 t) Where T = required torque in lb-ft, WK2 = total inertia in lb-ft2, ?N = change in the rotational speed in rpm, and t = time during which the acceleration or deceleration must take place. Inertia Calculator There are also online sites that can help confirm how much torque is required to decelerate a given amount of inertia over a specific time. Remember to make sure that the torque chosen, for the brake, should be after the brake has been burnished. [edit] Burnishing What Is It and Why Is It Important? Burnishing is the wearing or mating of opposing surfaces. When the armature and brake faces are produced, the faces are machined as flat as possible. (Some manufacturers also lightly grind the faces to get them smoother.) But even with that the machining process leaves peaks and valleys on the surface of the steel. When a new out of the box brake is initially engaged most peaks on both mating surfaces touch which means that the potential contact area can be significantly reduced. In some cases, an out of box brake may have only 50% of its torque rating. Burnishing is the process of cycling the brake to wear down those initial peaks, so that there is more surface contact between the mating faces Even though burnishing is required to get full torque out of the brake it may not be required in all applications. Simply put, if the application torque is lower than the initial out of box torque of the brake, burnishing would not be required; however, if the torque required is higher, then burnishing needs to be done. In general this tends to be required more on higher torque brakes than on smaller lower torque brakes. The process involves cycling the brake a number of times at a lower inertia, lower speed or a combination of both. Burnishing can require from 20 to over 100 cycles depending upon the size of a brake and the amount of initial torque required. For bearing mounted brakes where the rotor and armature is connected and held in place via a bearing, burnishing does not have to take place on the machine. It can be done individually on a bench or as a group at a burnishing station. Two piece brakes that have separate armatures should try to have the burnishing done on the machine verses a bench. The reason for this is if burnishing on a two piece brake is done on a bench and there is a shift in the mounting tolerance when that brake is mounted to the machine the alignment could be shifted so the burnishing lines on the armature, rotor or brake face may be off slightly preventing that brake from achieving full torque. Again, the difference is only slight so this would only be required in a ver y torque sensitive application. [edit] Torque Burnishing can affect initial torque of a brake but there are also factors that affect the torque performance of a brake in an application. The main one is voltage/current. In the voltage/current section we showed why a constant current supply is important to get full torque out of the brake. When considering torque, the question of using dynamic or static torque for the application is key? For example, if running a machine at relatively low rpm (5 50 depending upon size) there is minimal concern with dynamic torque since the static torque rating of the brake will come closest to where it is running. However, when running a machine at 3,000rpm and applying the brake at its catalog torque, at that rpm, is misleading. Almost all manufacturers put the static rated torque for their brakes in their catalog. So, when trying to determine a specific response rate for a particular brake, the dynamic torque rating is needed. In many cases this can be significantly lower. It can be less than half of the static torque rating. Most manufacturers publish torque curves showing the relationship between dynamic and static torque for a given series of brake. Electromagnetic-Power-Off-Brake Over excitation is used to achieve a faster response time. Its when a coil momentarily receives a higher voltage then its nominal rating. To be effective the over excitation voltage must be significantly, but not to the point of diminishing returns, higher than the normal coil voltage. Three times the voltage typically gives around 1/3 faster response. Fifteen times the normal coil voltage will produce a 3 times faster response time. With over excitation the in rush voltage is momentary. Although it would depend upon the size of the coil the actual time is usually only a few milliseconds. The theory is, for the coil to generate as much of a magnetic field as quickly as possible to attract the armature and start the process of deceleration. Once the over excitation is no longer required the power supply to the brake would return to its normal operating voltage. This process can be repeated a number of times as long as the high voltage does not stay in the coil long enough to cause the coil wire to overheat. [edit] Wear It is very rare that a coil would just stop working in an electromagnetic brake. Typically if a coil fails it is usually due to heat which has caused the insulation of the coil wire to break down. That heat can be caused by high ambient temperature, high cycle rates, slipping or applying too high of a voltage. Most brakes are flanged mounted and have bearings but some brakes are bearing mounted and like the coils, unless bearings are stressed beyond their physical limitations or become contaminated, they tend to have a long life and they are usually the second item to wear out. The main wear in electromagnetic brakes occurs on the faces of the mating surfaces. Every time a brake is engaged during rotation a certain amount of energy is transferred as heat. The transfer, which occurs during rotation, wears both the armature and the opposing contact surface. Based upon the size of the brake, the speed and the inertia, wear rates will differ. With a fixed armature design a brake will eventually simply cease to engage. This is because the air gap will eventually become too large for the magnetic field to overcome. Zero gap or auto wear armatures can wear to the point of less than one half of its original thickness, which will eventually cause missed engagements. [edit] Backlash Some applications require very tight precision between all components. In these applications even a degree of movement between the input and the output when a brake is engaged can be a problem. This is true in many robotic applications. Sometimes the design engineers will order brakes with zero backlash but then key them to the shafts so although the brake will have zero backlash theres still minimal movement occurring between the hub or rotor in the shaft. Most applications, however, do not need true zero backlash and can use a spline type connection. Some of these connections between the armature and the hub are standard splines others are hex or square hub designs. The spline will have the best initial backlash tolerance. Typically less than 2 degrees but the spline and the other connection types can wear over time and the tolerances will increase. [edit] Environment / Contamination As brakes wear they create wear particles. In some applications such as clean rooms or food handling this dust could be a contamination problem so in these applications the brake should be enclosed to prevent the particles from contaminating other surfaces around it. But a more likely scenario is that the brake has a better chance of getting contaminated from its environment. Obviously oil or grease should be kept away from the contact surface because they would significantly reduce the coefficient of friction which could drastically decrease the torque potentially causing failure. Oil midst or lubricated particles can also cause surface contamination. Sometimes paper dust or other contamination can fall in between the contact surfaces. This can also result in a lost of torque. If a known source of contamination is going to be present many clutch manufactures offer contamination shields that prevent material from falling in between the contact surfaces. In brakes that have not been used in a while rust can develop on the surfaces. But in general this is normally not a major concern since the rust is worn off within a few cycles and there is no lasting impact on the torque. [edit] Other Types of Electromagnetic Brakes Electormagnetic Power Off Brake Spring Set Introduction Power off brakes stop or hold a load when electrical power is either accidentally lost or intentionally disconnected. In the past, some companies have referred to these as fail safe brakes. These brakes are typically used on or near an electric motor. Typical applications include robotics, holding brakes for Z axis ball screws and servo motor brakes. Brakes are available in multiple voltages and can have either standard backlash or zero backlash hubs. Multiple disks can also be used to increase brake torque, without increasing brake diameter. There are 2 main types of holding brakes. The first is spring applied brakes. The second is permanent magnet brakes. How It Works Spring Type When no electricity is applied to the brake, a spring pushes against a pressure plate, squeezing the friction disk between the inner pressure plate and the outer cover plate. This frictional clamping force is transferred to the hub, which is mounted to a shaft. Permanent Magnet Type A permanent magnet holding brake looks very similar to a standard power applied electromagnetic brake. Instead of squeezing a friction disk, via springs, it uses permanent magnets to attract a single face armature. When the brake is engaged, the permanent magnets create magnetic lines of flux, which can turn attract the armature to the brake housing. To disengage the brake, power is applied to the coil which sets up an alternate magnetic field that cancels out the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets. Both power off brakes are considered to be engaged when no power is applied to them. They are typically required to hold or to stop alone in the event of a loss of power or when power is not available in a machine circuit. Permanent magnet brakes have a very high torque for their size, but also require a constant current control to offset the permanent magnetic field. Spring applied brakes do not require a constant current control, they can use a simple rectifier, but are larger in diameter or would need stacked friction disks to increase the torque. [edit] Electromagnetic Particle Brake Magnetic Particle Brake Introduction Magnetic particle brakes are unique in their design from other electro-mechanical brakes because of the wide operating torque range available. Like an electro-mechanical brake, torque to voltage is almost linear; however, in a magnetic particle brake, torque can be controlled very accurately (within the operating RPM range of the unit). This makes these units ideally suited for tension control applications, such as wire winding, foil, film, and tape tension control. Because of their fast response, they can also be used in high cycle applications, such as magnetic card readers, sorting machines and labeling equipment. How It Works Magnetic particles (very similar to iron filings) are located in the powder cavity. When electricity is applied to the coil, the resulting magnetic flux tries to bind the particles together, almost like a magnetic particle slush. As the electric current is increased, the binding of the particles becomes stronger. The brake rotor passes through these bound particles. The output of the housing is rigidly attached to some portion of the machine. As the particles start to bind together, a resistant force is created on the rotor, slowing, and eventually stopping the output shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the input is free to turn with the shaft. Since magnetic particle powder is in the cavity, all magnetic particle units have some type of minimum drag associated with them. [edit] Electromagnetic Hysteresis Power Brake Electomagnetic Hysteresis Power Brake Introduction Electrical hysteresis units have an extremely wide torque range. Since these units can be controlled remotely, they are ideal for test stand applications where varying torque is required. Since drag torque is minimal, these units offer the widest available torque range of any of the hysteresis products. Most applications involving powered hysteresis units are in test stand requirements. How It Works When electricity is applied to the field, it creates an internal magnetic flux. That flux is then transferred into a hysteresis disk passing through the field. The hysteresis disk is attached to the brake shaft. A magnetic drag on the hysteresis disk allows for a constant drag, or eventual stoppage of the output shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the hysteresis disk is free to turn, and no relative force is transmitted between either member. Therefore, the only torque seen between the input and the output is bearing drag. [edit] Multiple Disk Brakes Electromagnetic Multiple Disk Brake Introduction Multiple disk brakes are used to deliver extremely high torque within a small space. These brakes can be used either wet or dry, which makes them ideal to run in multi speed gear box applications, machine tool applications, or in off road equipment. How It Works Electro-mechanical disk brakes operate via electrical actuation, but transmit torque mechanically. When electricity is applied to the coil of an electromagnet, the magnetic flux attracts the armature to the face of the brake. As it does so, it squeezes the inner and outer friction disks together. The hub is normally mounted on the shaft that is rotating. The brake housing is mounted solidly to the machine frame. As the disks are squeezed, torque is transmitted from the hub into the machine frame, stopping and holding the shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the armature is free to turn with the shaft. Springs keep the friction disk and armature away from each other. There is no contact between breaking surfaces and minimal drag. Architecture of an Electromechanical Braking System General architecture of an electromechanical braking (EMB) system in a drive-by-wire car is shown in Fig. 1. The system mainly comprises five types of elements: Processors including an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and other local processors Memory (mainly integrated into the ECU) Sensors Actuators Communication network(s). Once the driver inputs a brake command to the system via a human-machine interface HMI (e.g. the brake pedal), four independent brake commands are generated by the ECU based on high level brake functions such as anti-lock braking system (ABS) or vehicle stability control (VSC). These command signals are sent to the four electric calipers (e-calipers) via a communication network. As this network might not be able to properly communicate with the e-calipers due to network faults, HMI sensory data are also directly transmitted to each e-caliper via a separate data bus. In each e-caliper a controller uses the brake command (received from ECU) as a reference input. The controller provides drive control commands for a power control module. This module controls three phase drive currents for the brake actuator which is a permanent magnet DC motor, energised by 42V sources. In addition to tracking its reference brake command, the caliper controller also controls the position and speed of the brake actuator. Thus, two sensors are vitally required to measure the position and speed of the actuator in each e-caliper. Because of the safety critical nature of the application, even missing a limited number of samples of these sensory data should be compensated for. [edit] Voting A brake-by-wire system, by nature, is a safety critical system and therefore fault tolerance is a vitally important characteristic of this system. As a result, a brake-by-wire system is designed in such way that many of its essential information would be derived from a variety of sources (sensors) and be handled by more than the bare necessity hardware. Three main types of redundancy usually exist in a brake-by-wire system: Redundant sensors in safety critical components such as the brake pedal. Redundant copies of some signals that are of particular safety importance such as displacement and force measurements of the brake pedal copied by multiple processors in the pedal interface unit. Redundant hardware to perform important processing tasks such as multiple processors for the electronic control unit (ECU) in Fig. 1. In order to utilize the existing redundancy, voting algorithms need to be evaluated, modified and adopted to meet the stringent requirements of a brake-by-wire system. Reliability, fault tolerance and accuracy are the main targeted outcomes of the voting techniques that should be developed especially for redundancy resolution inside a brake-by-wire system. Example of a solution for this problem: A fuzzy voter developed to fuse the information provided by three sensors devised in a brake pedal design. [edit] Missing data compensation In a by-wire car, some sensors are safety-critical components, and their failure will disrupt the vehicle function and endanger human lives. Two examples are the brake pedal sensors and the wheel speed sensors. The electronic control unit must always be informed of the drivers intentions to brake or to stop the vehicle. Therefore, missing the pedal sensor data is a serious problem for functionality of the vehicle control system. Wheel speed data are also vital in a brake-by-wire system to avoid skidding. The design of a by-wire car should provide safeguards against missing some of the data samples provided by the safety-critical sensors. Popular solutions are to provide redundant sensors and to apply a fail-safe mechanism. In addition to a complete sensor loss, the electronic control unit may also suffer an intermittent (temporary) data loss. For example, sensor data can sometimes fail to reach the electronic control unit. This may happen due to a temporary problem with the sensor it self or with the data transmission path. It may also result from an instantaneous short circuit or disconnection, a communication network fault, or a sudden increase in noise. In such cases, for a safe operation, the system has to be compensated for missing data samples. Example of a solution for this problem: Missing data compensation by a predictive filter. [edit] Accurate estimation of position and speed of brake actuators in the e-calipers The caliper controller controls the position and speed of the brake actuator (besides its main task which is tracking of its reference brake command). Thus, position and speed sensors are vitally required in each e-caliper and an efficient design of a measurement mechanism to sense the position and speed of the actuator is required. Recent designs for brake-by-wire systems use resolvers to provide accurate and continuous measurements for both absolute position and speed of the rotor of the actuators. Incremental encoders are relative position sensors and their additive error needs to be calibrated or compensated for by different methods. Unlike the encoders, resolvers provide two output signals that always allow the detection of absolute angular position. In addition, they suppress common mode noise and are especially useful in a noisy environment. Because of these reasons, resolvers are usually applied for the purpose of position and speed measurement in brake-by-wire systems. Howev er, nonlinear and robust observers are required to extract accurate position and speed estimates from the sinusoidal signals provided by resolvers. Example of a solution for this problem: A hybrid resolver-to-digital conversion scheme with guaranteed robust stability and automatic calibration of the resolvers used in an EMB system. [edit] Measurement and/or estimation of clamp force in the electromechanical calipers A clamp force sensor is a relatively expensive component in an EMB caliper. The cost is derived from its high unit value from a supplier, as well as marked production expenses because of its inclusion. The later emanates from the complex assembly procedures dealing with small tolerances, as well as on-line calibration for performance variability from one clamp force sensor to another. The successful use of a clamp force sensor in an EMB system poses a challenging engineering task. If a clamp force sensor is placed close to a brake pad, then it will be subjected to severe temperature conditions reaching up to 800 degrees Celsius that will challenge its mechanical integrity. Also temperature drifts must be compensated for. This situation can be avoided by embedding a clamp force sensor deep within the caliper. However, embedding this sensor leads to hysteresis that is influenced by friction between the clamp force sensor and the point of contact of an inner pad with the rotor. This hys teresis prevents a true clamp force to be measured. Due to the cost issues and engineering challenges involved with including the clamp force sensor, it might be desirable to eliminate this component from the EMB system. A potential opportunity to achieve this presents itself in accurate estimation of the clamp force based on alternative EMB system sensory measurements leading to the omission of a clamp force sensor. Example of a solution for this problem: Clamp force estimation from actuator position and current measurements using sensor data fusion. A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument. Magnetism varies from place to place and differences in Earths magnetic field (the magnetosphere) can be caused by the differing nature of rocks and the interaction between charged particles from the Sun and the magnetosphere of a planet. Magnetometers are often a frequent component instrument on spacecraft that explore planets. [edit] Uses Magnetometers are used in ground-based electromagnetic geophysical surveys (such as magnetotellurics) to assist with detecting mineralization and corresponding geological structures. Airborne geophysical surveys use magnetometers that can detect magnetic field variations caused by mineralization, using airplanes like the Shrike Commander.[1] Magnetometers are also used to detect archaeological sites, shipwrecks and other buried or submerged objects, and in metal detectors to detect metal objects, such as guns in security screening. Magnetic anomaly detectors detect submarines for military purposes. They are used in directional drilling for oil or gas to detect the azimuth of the drilling tools near the drill bit. They are most often paired up with accelerometers in drilling tools so that both the inclination and azimuth of the drill bit can be found. Magnetometers are very sensitive, and can give an indication of possible auroral activity before one can see the light from the aurora. A grid of magnetometers around the world constantly measures the effect of the solar wind on the Earths magnetic field, which is published on the K-index.[2] A three-axis fluxgate magnetometer was part of the Mariner 2 and Mariner 10 missions.[3] A dual technique Magnetometer is part of the Cassini-Huygens mission to explore Saturn.[4] This system is composed of a vector helium and fluxgate magnetometers.[5] Magnetometers are also a component instrument on the Mercury MESSENGER mission. A magnetometer can also be used by satellites like GOES to measure both the magnitude and direction of a planets or moons magnetic field. Further information: Spacecraft magnetometer [edit] Mobile phones Magnetometers are appearing in mobile phones. The Apple iPhone 3GS has a magnetometer and comes with a compass app for showing direction. It can also reorient maps to show the direction youre facing.[6] [edit] Types Magnetometers can be divided into two basic types: Scalar magnetometers measure the total strength of the magnetic field to which they are subjected, and Vector magnetometers have the capability to measure the component of the magnetic field in a particular direction, relative to the spatial orientation of the device. The use of three orthogonal vector magnetometers allows the magnetic field strength, inclination and declination to be uniquely defined. Examples of vector magnetometers are fluxgates, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and the atomic SERF magnetometer. Some scalar magnetometers are discuss