Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linguistics - Essay Example bserves that the human body and brain are built in such a way as to make language an inborn quality, and something which just comes naturally because of the physical way humans are made. A second theory, which we could call the â€Å"social† theory, looks at the interactions between human beings, and incidentally also animals, and suggests that language is an advanced form of a cognitive/behavioural process. In order to determine how appropriate these two theories are in explaining the origins of language, it is important to look for evidence which supports either of these views, or evidence which suggests some other explanation. When one considers the physical equipment that was needed for humans to begin speaking to each other, it is clear that there is a complicated mouth structure which can make sounds using air coming up from the lungs and friction or stops using lips, teeth, and tongue. Very similar physical attributes are present in quite a number of animals, including parrots and other birds which can mimic the human voice very closely. This is not true language use, however, because birds cannot hold a real conversation, beyond just repeating phrases they have learned to imitate. The sounds that speaking birds make are empty of meaning, and so they are just empty signs. This means that they can produce The great apes have more idea of what language is, and a few have even been taught to communicate true lexical units and sentences through sign language even though they lack the physical equipment to make sounds that approximate human speech. The utterances that apes make among themselves may be a very rudimentary form of language but there is not the range of sound possibility that humans have. Apes have not developed sign language on their own, even though they have demonstrated the capability to learn it. These two examples of talking birds and signing apes show that partial language abilities are present in animals but that only a specific

12 Month Football Training Program Essay Example for Free

12 Month Football Training Program Essay The 12-Month Football Training Program A complete football training program takes just a little planning. But the benefits are well worth the effort Football players are amongst some of the finest athletes in the world and thats a testament to their gruelling regime. If you want to perform at YOUR best whatever level that might be you can learn a lot from the way the pros train. First and foremost though, a football training program has to meet your own specific needs Training time for most players is limited. You might not have the resources (or the inclination) to train 6 days a week. And you dont have to. Your only goal should be to maximise the time you DO have at your disposal. Do that and you cannot fail to improve. Any effective training regime should be built on the back of a solid fitness assessment. And it becomes exceptionally important in sports conditioning Without objective testing you simply cannot know how effective your time and energy has been. And if youre shooting in the dark, theres no way to tweak and adjust sessions to get where you want to be. Visit the fitness testing section of the site. Youll find all kinds of tests you can perform with little or no special equipment. Spend one afternoon developing a profile of your athletic abilities and record the results. As a football player youll want focus on tests that measure strength, power and speed. For example †¢One repetition max bench press and leg press †¢30 meter sprint †¢30 meter sprint fatigue †¢Standing vertical jump †¢Standing broad jump †¢Sit and reach test Split Your Football Training Program Into 3 Phases A football training program lasts 12 months even if the competitive in-season only spans from September to December. And that applies to any football player at any level Even if you only have a couple of days a week spare for football conditioning, you should still adapt and vary those sessions over the course of a year. For the more ambitious players, this system of periodization is the ONLY way you can incorporate all the necessary elements of training without overtraining. Here are the three phases or periods of a football training program.. †¢Pre-season phase 7 months †¢In-season phase 4 months †¢Transition phase 1-2 months Wow over half a year to prepare! Thats because it takes time to develop peak strength and power. Lets have a look at each phase in more detail Individual exercises and sessions are covered in separate articles. This is how everything fits together into one, complete football training program. Pre-Season Phase of Football Training The pre-season or off-season is by far the largest phase of the annual plan. The goal is to develop optimum strength and power so that it peaks just prior to the start of the in-season. Because this phase is so long you need to break into smaller cycles often referred to as macrocycles Each macrocycle might last between 3 and 6 weeks (for the sake of ease well assume that each cycle lasts for a calendar month). The training objectives and methods vary within each cycle and theres an important reason for this Firstly, adjusting intensity and volume helps to avoid overtraining and burnout. Secondly, certain aspects of fitness are built on the back of others. Explosive power conditioning for example follows maximal strength training, which in turn follows functional strength training. Strength Power Conditioning? During the transition period (see below) its sensible to layoff strength training all together, at least for a few weeks. You should also consider a functional strength program designed to correct any imbalances that occur as a result of a strenuous football training program. This functional strength program will likely spill into very early pre-season and its designed to prepare your body for subsequently more demanding sessions. Football players are one of the few groups of athletes that can benefit from a hypertrophy program. This type of weight training is designed to increase muscle mass. But contrary to popular belief larger muscles are not necessarily stronger muscles As such hypertrophy training in football should make up only a portion of the strength training program. Maximal strength training is an important element also and leads to significantly different adaptations than bodybuilding. Linemen may want to place more emphasis on the hypertrophy phase than other players. As an example, they could split their preseason into just 4 phases -? unctional/hypertrophy/maximal strength/power. Finally, following the development of muscle mass and maximal strength, conversion to sport-specific power is crucial It is power (and not maximal strength) that is most beneficial to football players. The cycle just prior to the season start should focus on developing peak power. Speed Agility Training? In the early pre-season speed and agility work is optional and should be low in intesnity. Too much running and i nterval training can detract from the development of muscles mass and maximal strength. Some light aerobic training may feature but more as a form of active recovery than intense endurance sessions. As the pre-season progresses more emphasis can be placed on speed and agility and intense interval training. If you take the time to plan your football training program in advance, quickness and agility should hit a peak just as the season begins. Flexibility Training? Dont neglect your flexibility. Your degree of range of movement impacts on your speed, agility and to some extent your power. It will also help to prevent injuries resulting from over stretching. While too much flexibility is not beneficial either, most football players are a long way from being overly supple. Spend at least 3 days a week stretching this is on top of stretching exercises performed as part of the warm up. In-Season Phase of Football Training Compared to the substantial pre-season preparation phase this should be a walk in the park! The objective is to maintain all the gains resulting from your hard work over the previous 6 months or so. Competitive games take priority. All of your conditioning work should be based around when you play. Its important to either rest or perform lower intensity drills the day before a game. Youll also have to co-ordinate your strength sessions so that you recover fully in time. Fortunately, to maintain your new levels of strength and power takes a lot less time in the weight room. You can afford to reduce your number of strength sessions and the volume of sets and repetitions. But dont skip weight training all together. Transition Phase of Football Training The transition phase is as important as any other in the 12 month football training program. It may only last 4-6 weeks but what you choose to do over that period of time can dictate how your entire season plays out. If you dont take the time to rest physically AND mentally you WILL burnout eventually. Even if you feel fresh at the end of hard season take time out. Try another sport tennis is a favourite, or any racket sport. Just avoid weight training and pounding the roads. The only caveat is that you do something physically active If you do absolutely nothing it will be that much harder to return to training. It takes only 4-5 weeks of complete sedentary living to loose most of whats taken you the best part of year to build up. The Perfect Plan Putting it All Together Have a good look at the chart below Notice how the amount and intensity of running drills varies depending on the strength phase? Too much intense interval training alongside strenuous hypertrophy training can leave you physically exhausted. Notice also how the volume of speed and agility work increases alongside power conditioning. This makes sense as it compliments the objectives of the phase. The intensity row is a rough guideline for overall training intensity. Often that can be a subjective measure so pay close attention to how you feel. More football training programs and articles will be added on a regular basis. But this is the place where they all fit together into one cohesive, highly effective plan. Yes, it does take a little planning to bring everything together. And no doubt that plan will (and should) change as you progress. But the changes youll see in your performance are worth every minute!

Globalisation Influencing The Development Of International Relations Theory Politics Essay

Globalisation Influencing The Development Of International Relations Theory Politics Essay Globalisation is a relatively new, unpredictable process in which raises fundamental issues within international relations. Globalisation is a contested notion and under much controversy. Jeff Haynes (2003) claims there is precious little agreement about what globalisation really means.  [1]  This suggests that globalisation is constantly debated and ever changing. Shalmali Guttal (2007) argues globalisation, shaped the world over the past 50-odd years.  [2]  The international system has under gone profound changes and has witnessed the end of the war of the ideologies, liberalism and communism. This essay will explain how economic, cultural, social and political changes within globalism have influenced the development of international relations theory with reference to contemporary examples. The definition of globalisation is fundamental in order to understand how it has influenced the development of international relations theory. However it is difficult to come to a singular definition as globalisation is a subject which is underpinned by controversy. It has been described that, globalisation is a historical process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that links distant communities and expands the reach of power politics across regions and continents  [3]  , dating as far back as the 19th century with the industrial revolution. Essentially globalisation has in essence, condensed the world which has led to an integrated economy and has diminished geo-political boundaries. It is argued that globalisation is related to neo-liberalism and capitalism which has generated a debate as to whether it promotes wealth or greed as Marxists suggest. On one hand it is said to promote a healthy, booming economy whilst others suggest that the western liberalised countries get richer whilst the third w orld countries continue to suffer, not capable of delivering on its promises of economic well-being and progress for all.  [4]  This becomes apparent when states such as the US and Cambodia are compared. For example, GNP Per Capita in 2002 for Cambodia was $1970 whereas the US was $35244. This highlights the North; south divide caused by globalisation. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional subject which considers cultural, social, economic and political changes. Furthermore according to the United Nations, Extreme poverty remains a daily reality for more than 1 billion people who subsist on less than $1 a day. More than 800 million people have too little to eat to meet their daily energy needs.  [5]  This would argue that globalisation has not helped third world and less developed countries as neo-realism suggested. Modernisation is paramount to globalisation. With new technology, such as the internet, emails, and mobile devices, and with new means of transportation such as air travel, technologies allow the transfer of goods, services and information almost anywhere quickly and efficiently.  [6]  The theory of interconnectedness within the globe has evolved, and with it the added convenience of businesses being able to operate transnationally in order to expand and cut costs. This highlights that international relations theory needs to accommodate to this change as it now involved more people across wider areas. State centric theories have become less relevant with the emergence of globalisation. Non-governmental organisations such as the European Union and Transnational corporations such as Coca cola or Nestlà © are operating with huge turnovers, By the mid-1990s, 51 of the worlds top 100 entities were transnational companies  [7]  . They are able to influence policy due to the substa ntial profits which would benefit the economy of states they operate in however this is detrimental to the population working within the companies. This would suggest that state centric theories have become less significant with the development of international relations theory. Realism argues the importance of states-as-actors however, states have lost sovereign control over non-state actors who are able to expand and operate within different countries. This contradicts theories such as realism threatened to put sovereignty at bay,  [8]  Vernon (1971) as cited by Jones (2008) in which sovereignty stands at the foundations of the state centric theories. The idea of the nation state is argued to be out-dated, for example with the development of transnational organisations such as the United Nations. This shows that the state has little power within the international system, and would argue against theories such as constructivism having an influence in international relations theo ry. Therefore globalisation reduces states ability to make domestic decisions. Balance of power has also been influenced by globalisation. The end of the cold war symbolised the end of the bi-polar regime and a greater distribution of world power. Another state centric theory constructivism argues anarchy is what states make of it. This idea is dismissed by neo realists, there may be peace and quiet in the international system. But in anarchy, states are always seeking security; moves in that direction can be misread by other states; that is what the security dilemma is all about.  [9]  Neo realists argue that you cannot predict what another states action may be; therefore the idea of security within the state is questioned within constructivism. However on the other hand, terrorism is reinforcing state centric theories such as realism, for example, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a struggle for power among self-interested states and is generally pessimistic about the prospects for eliminating conflict and war (Walt, 1998) Despite terrorists being non-state actors, terrorism reflects the revivification of the tradition of international relations theory. For example during the 1980s Libya sponsored terrorist acts, The first and most crucial thing to understand is this. There is no international terrorism without the support of sovereign states.  [10]  Ã‚   Globalisation has enhanced the technical capabilities and global grasp of terrorism which had enabled them to work through a global network. This has been helped with the introduction of new technology in which has condensed the globe, making it easier for terrorist groups to operate. Realism is also concerned with primarily states interest. National security issues are the most importan t, and with such events as 9/11 in America and 7/7 in Britain it shows that even the stronger powers are to some extent under constant threat from terrorism. The change in international relations theory has seen the spread of Liberalism and western values across the globe. Technology has been used as a tool to promote these western values; for example through means of the media and the internet. Widespread political changes have resulted from the process of Globalisation. For example democracy has been spreading since the mid-1970s which has seen dictatorships across Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America fall to democracy. A domino like effect has triggered a chain reaction in the Middle East, showing that globalisation has promoted Liberalism. Recent developments in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt reflect this profound change in international relations theory reflecting that democratisation of states. Globalisation has promoted democracy which is apparent in these countries opposing the military dictatorship and imposing democracy upon the state. Jeff Haynes highlights an example of democratization influenced by globalisation, the justice and development party in Turkey. Their aim was to promote a liberal market economy and in 2007 was allocated seats. This shows the neo realist foundations of globalisation are appealing to other nation states. Furthermore it shows that are perhaps unhappy with the way their state is authoritarian and want democratic nation. Interdependence has been a key development within international relations theory. During the process of globalisation, the Westphalian system of territorial states has declined whereas interdependence has developed. This interdependence can be viewed in a negative perspective. Realists believe that states should be self-dependent. This inter-dependence is regarded as inequality and some states having power over states. For example, the oil embargo during the 1970s shows that the oil producing countries were able to coerce those countries which imported the oil and used this as a political tool. Decline of hegemony is suggested to produce disorder, as Realists believe a dominant power is needed in international relations. This is apparent in the introduction of the gold standard; the US took the lead in the international exchange of money. Within Cynthia Webbers International relations- a critical introduction the view of neo liberalism and historical materialism is featured which contributes an insight into the globalisation debate. Neo liberalism argues that globalisation influences the development of international relations theory in a positive light whereas the materialists argue capitalism is a bad influence on international relations theory. According to Webber, neo liberalism theory would include a harmonious nature of international relations. They also claim that the economies of the states benefit, and in turn democracy between nation states. However the materialists suggest that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.  [11]  This exploitation is key into maintaining a capitalist world-system, which highlights the unequal development within international relations theory. They also argue that relationships between sovereign states are conflictual thus suggesting that international relations theory in this case would parallel realism. Ian Clark argues that the globalisation has affected international political economy. The idea of the territorial state is rejected as globalisation has removed barriers which have led to questioning of the concept of a national economy. The viability of the state as provider of security of the state change within the global system has witnessed greater freedom to trade, Non-governmental organisations and interconnected world finance. Globalisation has encouraged interdependence which became apparent in the 2008 financial crisis in which banks had to be bailed out by national governments. This crisis saw a magnitude of countries economies dramatically deteriorate, all because they had some sort of reliance upon each other. This interconnectedness reflects a change in international relations theory. Suddenly a need for a theory in which accommodates for the interconnected states is required which coincidentally highlights the need for outside regulating bodies to manage this change. In conclusion, globalisation is a complex debated issue. Nonetheless, a principal phenomenon present in contemporary international relations theory. Globalisation affects the nature of world order, and has influenced the development of international relations theory by offering a different view on the interconnectedness and how this affects different nation states, for example the spread of liberalism which is reflected in the recent upheavals in the political system in the middle east. These changes in international order highlight the relevance of new and old issues for example the changing politics within the Middle East and the oil crisis in the 1970s. Interdependence is also viewed in a negative way; in which realists believe that less contact with states means less conflict. Different theories offer different perspectives on the international system. International relations are constantly changing so theory needs to adapt in order to explain these changes. The extent to which g lobalisation has influenced the development of international relations theory is much debate. However globalisation seems to demand some new structure and highlights the need for inclusion of the new world order theories in order to explain contemporary international relations. Books.. Governing globalisation- blackwell publishers ltd- Cambridge edited by david held and Anthony mcgrew. 2002 International relations theory- realism, pluralism, globalism and beyond. (3e) Paul r viotti mark v kauppi- Allyn and baco, needham heights 1987 The follies of globalisation theory- Justin Rosenberg verso London 2000

Legislative Proposal For New Indecency Language In Telecom Bill :: essays research papers

Legislative Proposal for New Indecency Language in Telecom Bill I. Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the October 16, 1995 legislative proposal purports to regulate â€Å" computer pornography†, the proposal contains fatal flaws which render the proposal at best counterproductive and at worst devastating to on-line communications. First, it prohibits, but fails to define, â€Å"indecent† speech to minors -- a dangerously vague, medium-specific, and, after decades of litigation, still undefined concept, which may include mere profanity. This may tie up successful prosecution of the law in courts for years to come, while courts wrestle to divine a constitutional definition of â€Å"indecent† -- and while companies are left with uncertain liability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, the October 16 proposal may actually hold systems liable for communications over which they have no specific knowledge or control. The proposal purports to target those who â€Å"knowingly† send prohibited communications -- itself a relatively low standard of liability that may not even require actual intent or willfulness. Nevertheless, because the proposal i) defines the elements of criminal liability in vague and contradictory terms, and ii) eliminates safeharbors in the Senate bill that would define a clear standard of care, it might hold systems liable for actions that don't reach even a â€Å" knowingly† standard of liability. As a result, access providers, system managers and operators, and employers may potentially be liable for actions of users over which they have no specific knowledge, intent, or control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For any company that communicates by computer, the proposal: 1) Creates liability for, but never defines, â€Å"indecent† speech, a dangerously vague standard that could leave companies criminally liable for use of mere profanity; 2) Establishes vague and contradictory standards of liability that could leave innocent companies vicariously liable for communications over which they have no control; 3) Strips workable affirmative defenses from the Senate bill, eliminating a clear standard of care for companies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only does the proposal endanger companies, it fails to protect children. The indecency standard guarantees that enforcement will be tied up in the courts for years to come. Companies will be particularly reticent to identify and eradicate prohibited communications when they are incapable of discerning which communications are â€Å"indecent† and when the company's consequent knowledge of the communications may actually make them liable. At worst, the proposal will either shut down systems entirely or will shut down any attempts to constructively monitor and screen systems, as providers take a know-nothing stance to avoid prosecution for purported knowledge. II. The â€Å"Indecency† Standard and Uncertain and Conflicting Standards of Culpability Implicate Innocent Companies But Fail To Protect Children. A. The undefined â€Å"indecency† standard is possibly unenforceable and certainly counterproductive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the October 16 proposal purports to regulate â€Å"computer

Economics 247 Assignment 2 Version A Essay

Economics 247 Assignment 2 Version A This assignment has a maximum total of 100 marks and is worth 10% of your total grade for this course. You should complete it after completing your course work for Units 6 through 10. Answer each question clearly and concisely. 1. In perfect competition, one result of the model was that there were no economic profits in the long run. In a monopoly, the firm typically earns a positive economic profit. Why is there this difference? The lack of barriers to entry will allow competitors to enter the market unil economic profit is zero. These firms are price takers, and they cannot affect prices because their demand curve is horizontal.(4 marks) 2. Assume that a single firm in a pure competitive industry has a fixed cost of $6500 and variable costs as indicated in the table below. a. Calculate the TC, AFC, AVC, ATC, and MC columns for this firm. (5 marks) Total Output TVC TC AFC AVC ATC MC 00 0 600 70,000 1000 76000 1400 81000 1800 87000 2200 90000 2600 93000 2800 96000 3000 100000 3100 110000 b. Explain the concepts of economies and diseconomies of scale, and describe the underlying reasons why both occur. (4 marks) 3. At its current level of production, a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market receives $12.50 for each unit it produces, and it faces an average total cost of $10. At the market price of $12.50 per unit, the firm’s marginal cost curve crosses the marginal revenue curve at an output level of 1000 units. What is the firm’s current profit? What is likely to occur in this market and why?(4 marks) P=12.5 TR=P*Q = 12.5 * 1’000 = 12’500 TC=ATC*Q = 10 * 1’000 = 10’000 Profit=TR-TC = 12’500 – 10’000 = +2’500 Profit is positive, but for perfectly competitive markets there will be no profits at all in the long-run, so in this markets new firms will enter  market attracted by profits thus increasing market supply and reducing equilibrium price till it reaches close to P=$10, consequently leading to zero economic profits in long-run. For lower price this firm will be pressed to reduce output a bit for new P=MR=MC equilibrium. 4. a.Why would a firm in a perfectly competitive market always choose to set its price equal to the current market price? If a firm set its price below the current market price, what effect would this have on the market? (4 marks) The assumptions of perfect competition that matter here are that in perfect competition 1 every firm is so small compared to the market so as to have no effect on market price 2 everyone is aware of everybody’s price. Now if you set a price lower than the market, you are only cutting your nose to spite your face since you would sell as much as a higher price. (Remember, how much you produce is determined by your MC and the output level you produce at is the minimum MC). Cutting the price to sell more also costs more to produce; you are worse off. If you set a price higher than market, noone will buy from you. Explain how a firm in a competitive market identifies the profit-maximizing level of production. When should the firm raise production, and when should the firm lower production? In a perfectly competitive market, all firms are assumed to be very small compared to the market. Now the price is set at the market level, and as a small firm you take it as given; you couldn’t sell at a higher price since nobody would buy from you. Now in the long run, you should be at the minimum point of your cost curve, ensuring you make just normal profits. The price is your MR and at the minimum point of your AC curve your MC cuts it: MC=MR and AC=AR. If the market price is higher than this, new entrants will sniff the opportunity created by super normal profits and the market supply curve shifts right/up, reducing price until there are no more super ormal profits  to be earned. If market price is lower, then firms are making losses, some exit and supply curve shifts left driving price up. In equilibrium, each firm is producing at the minmum point of the AC, where MC=MR=P. Hence the firm temporarily raises production when P>min AC and makes supernormal profits until new entrants drive price back down; or lowers production temporarily when P

Resume Tips Part 3 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume

Resume Tips Part 3 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume Choosing the right wording on your resume is very important. Some words pack a punch, and some leave the reader wanting more information. For the final segment in my resume tips series, well focus on two verbs that dont have much power: â€Å"Assisted† and â€Å"Helped.† On one list of recommended resume verbs, Power Verbs for Your Resume from The University of Iowas Pomerantz Career Center, the verbs assisted and helped are listed under a very specific category: Helping. That is the only place where these verbs belong! You should delete these words from your resume and use more powerful verbs. Take a look at some examples below. Telling us on your resume that you assisted somebody with something is only as informative as you make it. Honestly, I do not care that you assisted on a film shoot. I want to know that you held a camera or a boom; that you ordered pizza (or handled catering orders); or that you troubleshot in emergency situations. It is essential that you don’t get fooled into thinking that Assisted and Helped are always power verbs. They often just lead to vague and uninteresting bullets. Instead of Helped Example #1 Compare: a. Helped artists and network personnel. b. Accompanied artists to television appearances and mediated between the artists and network personnel. Instead of Assisted Example #2 Compare: a. Assisted with small claims cases. b. Handled all phases of collection and litigation of small claims cases. Attended small claims court; directed court clerk and court commissioner regarding what action to take on firm’s cases. Version b. in both cases is much more interesting and descriptive than version a. When Helped and Assisted are Appropriate There are limited situations in which it can be appropriate to use the words assisted or helped. For example: a. Helped disabled adults to perform simple job tasks at their job locations. b. Assisted elderly residents with their personal and financial recordkeeping. Note in these last two examples, that although there might be other ways to phrase the bullets, we are not left wondering, â€Å"Well, what did you do exactly to help or assist?† Take a look at your resume. Did you find the words â€Å"Helped† or â€Å"Assisted†? If so, can you be more specific about what you did? Draw us a picture. We want to know. For more resume tips and writing assistance, go to The Essay Experts Resume Writing Services. We can help you choose the right words for a powerful resume that gets results.

Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness

Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness The words and phrase cerca, cercano and cerca de are very commonly used in Spanish to indicate proximity or closeness in location, time, number or degree. Most common is cerca de, which is used as a preposition. Common translations include by, near, about and close to: Cerca de 12 millones de personas sern vacunadas contra la fiebre amarilla. About 12 million people will be vaccinated against yellow fever. Hay muchos hoteles cerca de Disney World. There are many hotels by Disney World. Quiero estar cerca de ti siempre. I want to always be close to you. Los activistas dicen que Cataluà ±a est cerca de la abolicià ³n de la tauromaquia. The activists say Catalonia is close to bringing an end to bullfighting. Despliega Colombia 22 batallones cerca del là ­mite con Venezuela. Colombia is deploying 22 battalions near the border with Venezuela. Hay una buena probabilidad de que veamos una estabilizacià ³n de los precios cerca de febrero o marzo, dijo el presidente. Theres a good chance well see a stabilization of prices around February or March, the president said. Cerca by itself functions as an adverb: El fin del mundo est cerca. The end of the world is near. Hay cuatro tranvà ­as que pasan cerca. There are four streetcars that pass nearby. Tan cerca y a la misma vez tan lejos. So close, and yet so far away. El asteroide pasar tan cerca que podremos verlo. The asteroid will pass so close well be able to see it. El triunfo est cerca. Victory is near. The adjective form is cercano: Tenemos una casa cercana al aeropuerto. We have a house near the airport. Descubre tus cinco amigos ms cercanos en Facebook. Find your five closest friends on Facebook. El futuro (aà ºn no cercano) est en la computacià ³n molecular. The future (but not the near future) is in molecular computing. A few related words have other meanings: The verb cercar typically means to surround or to enclose: Los estudiantes cercaron las oficinas. The students surrounded the offices.The noun la cerca typically refers to a fence or wall. El concepto de la cerca electrificada fue descrita por primera vez por Mark Twain. The concept of an electric fence was described for the first time by Mark Twain.The phrase acerca de usually means about in the sense of concerning: Hablaban acerca de nosotros. They were talking about us.

buy custom Fraud essay

buy custom Fraud essay Enron Company was formed in 1985 when natural gas pipeline companies of Inter-North and Houston Natural Gas merged. The presence of a free market system in the 1990s allowed traders like Enron to increase their revenues significantly (Healy Krishna, 2003). Enron pursued a diversification strategy in an attempt to expand further leading to a significant increase in its growth rate. The rise in stock value was a clear indication of Enrons stock markets great expectations for the companys future achievements. Nature of Its Fraudulent Activities Enron became nontransparent about its financial statements, failing to depict its finances and operations with all the stakeholders, especially with the shareholders, in the clearest way. The companys unethical practices and its complex and rather difficult business model required an organization to misrepresent its earnings and change them in order to give a favorable picture of the companys performance. As reported by McLean and Elkid, the Enron scandal resulted from the practice of habits actions, and values that started in the preceding years and finally grew out of control. The Companys financial and accounting operations kept its reported cash flow and profits up, reported inflated asset values, and kept liabilities off-balance-sheet (McLean Elkind, 2001). Enron, through the use of accounting loopholes, poor financial reporting, and special purpose entities was able to hide billions in debt from unsuccessful projects and deals. The Enron scandal is not only one of the largest corporate bankruptcies in the U.S. but it is also the biggest audit failure (Healy Krishna, 2003). The Responsibility of the Management to Shield Stakeholders from Fraud Before its fall, Enron was praised for applying sophisticated financial risk management tools. Risk management was a necessity to Enron because of its regulatory environment as well as its business plan. The company put in place long term fixed commitments, which required hedging to prepare for the inevitable change in the future energy prices (McLean Elkind, 2001). Te reckless use of derivatives and special purpose entities were the contributing factors to its bankruptcy downfall. The board of directors was well informed on the rationale for using the entities, and after approving, they received status updates on their operations. However, the companys board and finance committee lacked comprehensive backgrounds in derivatives to understand what was reported to them. With a detailed understanding of the organization of the derivatives, the board would have prevented their use (McLean Elkind, 2001). Corporate Environment and Culture Contributing To the Fraud Enron reported the value of its entire trade as revenue. The company reported inflated trading income, a method that was further adopted by a number of organizations in the trading industry, trying to remain more competitive with the companys rise in revenue. By adopting the same trading revenue and accounting approach as Enron, other energy companies managed to join Enron in the top fifty of the Fortune 500 (Healy Krishna, 2003). The passing of legislation deregulating the sale of natural gas increased energy markets, making it possible for traders like Enron to sell energy at high prices. The resulting price volatility caused decry from producers and local governments, pushing for increased regulation. This resulted in strong lobbying on the part of Enron and other energy companies and succeeded to maintain the free market system (McLean Elkind, 2001). Impact of the Fraud on the Company Loss of Investor Trust Enrons stock kept falling and some observers felt that its investors were in significant need for reassurance. This was because it was difficult to describe Enron in financial statements and also because the companys operations were difficult to understand (Gilpin, 2001). Credit Rating Downgrade One of the short-term effects of the resulting problems seemed to be a possible downgraade in its credit rating. This would force Enron to offer millions of stock shares to cover its enormous loans it had guaranteed, which would further bring down the value of the existing stock. The rating of the company was just one notch above junk status (Gilpin, 2001). Many traders and investors either stopped doing business with Enron or limited their involvement with the company because of the fear of more bad news. Bankruptcy On November 2001, Enrons credit rating fell to junk status and Dynegy Inc. disengaged from the proposed acquisition of the company. These were the two worst possible inevitable outcomes of the company since it lacked cash to run its business as well as satisfy its enormous debts. Enrons creditors and other energy trading companies sustained the loss of several points (Berenson Andrew, 2001). Enron and Anderson Trial A number of executives at Enron Company were indicted for a number of charges with subsequent sentencing. The indictment of Enron covered a wide range of financial crimes, including false statements to auditors and banks, bank fraud, money laundering, insider trading, wire trade, securities fraud, and conspiracy (Healy Krishna, 2003). The fraudulent activities of Enron also affected Arthur Anderson, the Companys auditor firm. He was charged with obstructing justice, although the conviction was later overturned. However, the damage had already been done and the resuming of operations was limited. Enrons creditors, employees, and shareholders received little assistance, if any, apart from severance from the company. Measures That Would Have Assisted to Prevent/Detect the Fraud These fraudulent activities could have been prevented if several measures had been established. Proper legislation regulating the market system was necessary to shield stakeholders from the outcomes of fraud. The auditor and the executives needed to be independent and in a position to comprehend the companys activities. The company should also have disclosed its relationship with unconsolidated entities. Buy custom Fraud essay

The mona lisa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The mona lisa - Essay Example Today, it is treated as an asset of France. It is remained publicly displayed in Paris at The Louvre museum since 1797. The expression of the subject in the painting is ambiguous and is often regarded as enigmatic (Smart History). The history surrounding Mona Lisa is mysterious. The major aspects of the individual in the painting are not clear, making it challenging to identify the sitter. In case, various questions have been raised as to how long the artist took to complete the painting. Moreover, it is unclear as to the process the French took to acquire the artwork. Historians have argued that the artwork was aimed at portraying to events. Firstly, it marks when Francesco del Giocondo together with his wife ended their house. Secondly, it can be used to reflect a time when their daughter died and their son born in 1502. The veil evident on Mona Lisa’s hair is at times regarded as reflecting a mourning mood. Additionally, the clothing on Mona Lisa is unexceptional reflecting a noble status (Iralian Renaissance). The perfection evident in Mona Lisa’s portrait reflects the influence it had on Lombard and Florentine artwork, which was pursued in the 16th century. The smile by Mona Lisa illustrates a sitting figure, which is a representation of happiness. It is the idea that makes the artwork to be regarded as ideal in the perspective of the viewers. The portrait creates a general impression as one driven by serenity. In this case, serenity is evident in the case where the scheme of the color is muted. It reflects the harmony that the sitter creates based on her pose, which is pyramid-shaped. The factors that illustrate this include the gaze and perplexing half smile that the viewer observes from the right. Moreover, her hands reveal a lifeless trait, as if they belong to another body (Iralian Renaissance). The manner in which Leonardo painted Mona Lisa deviates from the

To what extent has internationalisation of Chinas firms been Essay

To what extent has internationalisation of Chinas firms been successful Why do Chinas firms, especially large ones, internationalise their operations) Use business examples to illustrate your argument - Essay Example le of the approaches of the organisations and their behaviours is decisively important in mounting the performance of the business units in the contemporary business world. It is believed that structures and the behaviours of the organisations towards their business growth and operations have further determined the operational direction of the business upto a considerable extent. It has been apparently observed that the approach of the modern day organisations in business is multidimensional in nature which includes various noteworthy activities such as leadership, creativity and motivation that collectively contribute towards organisational success. It is worth mentioning that efficacy of the organisations in every possible business domain will ensure its position in the global business environment and work as a major influential factor for organisational performance in the long run (Ding, Michele, and Pavlovich 148-152). Contextually, it has been analysed that the performance of an y business is also largely dependent on the approach of the companies towards gaining a competitive position in the global business market. For instance, the companies that bind their operations limited to that of national boundaries will not be able to gain long-term sustainability and maximum growth for the business. This aspect further encourages companies to perform with utmost courage and take every possible step to grow the business operations on a larger scale. This aspect is also accompanied by the approach of the businesses towards globalising their business operations and operating in more competitive environment further enhancing the competitive competency of the business. This approach of modern day companies towards enhancing or expanding their business operations in the global business market is termed as internationalisation. It is evident that owing to globalisation companies intend to expand their business operations in the global platform for ensuring their wider

Research Paper on Staph Infections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Paper on Staph Infections - Essay Example two major species of Staphylococcus are Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, the difference is distinguished between the fermentation of mannitol salt agar. Staphylococcus aureus will ferment mannitol and produces acid and Staphylococcus epidermidis does not. Sometimes, Staphylococcus may cause infection the most common being skin infections. Mostly these infections are not major and can be treated easily without using antibiotics. Such minor infections of Staphylococcus are skin infections, bone infections, and pneumonia. Occasionally, Staphylococcus bacteria can also cause serious infections such as severe life-threatening bloodstream infections. These diseases are spread by having direct contact with the infected individual. Although some skin infections may be infected by indirect contact by touching inanimate objects. It is important on how Staphylococcus is spread because a person is liable to pick the infection up from almost anywhere. According to the Center of Disease Control, most serious staphylococcus infections were treated with a certain type of antibiotic related to penicillin. Although, over the years, the treatment methods for these infections have become difficult because of antibiotic resistance. As reported, by the Center of Disease Control, "antibiotic resistance can cause significant danger and suffering for children and adults who have common infections, that may have once been able to be treated easily with antibiotics. The use of antibiotics encourages the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics occurs when bacteria mutate causing a reduced or even maybe eliminating the effectiveness of drugs, or any other chemical designed to prevent disease. These bacteria learn to survive and therefore, continue to multiply causing more harm to their host body. The CDC reported that people should only use antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, not such things as the flu or cold

Personal background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal background - Essay Example Choosing to seek a career in business was a mistake. I have always found great satisfaction in helping, supporting and caring for others. I also am very curios about the medical field and have a desire to gain medical knowledge. After finishing my studies, I could see that a career in Business would not provide this but a career in Nursing would. Although I was aware that I did not want to pursue a career in Business, I did not want to end my studies as I am a very committed to finish in whatever I have started. This is why I finished school with a Business degree. Prior to studying Business, I gained four years of care experience in a nursing home for the elderly. This is where my love for caring and looking after vulnerable people developed. My people skills have significantly improved throughout my years working as a carer. I have gained excellent skills that help me communicate with people from diverse backgrounds and with people who have hearing or mental health disabilities. I have also gained experience in dealing with emotionally and physically demanding patients. A key skill in this process is observing behaviour change in patients. I believe I can transfer my experiences and skills in this area towards my Adult Nursing study. My role as a healthcare worker involved caring for people with ageing related illnesses such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, joint illnesses and cancer. I was assigned to observe five service users as a nurse and key worker as well. I worked closely with health care professionals such as district nurses, general practitioners and social workers. My duties included writing out care plans, recording changes in needed care and interacting with the family members of the service user. These duties have given me essential skills in promoting privacy and dignity whilst enhancing independence for the service receiver. Giving excellent person-centered care has always been one of my highest priorities. Through my work , I have managed to obtain a NVQ 2 in health and social care and other certificates such as Recorded and Administered Medication, four day training in Dementia Care and five day training for End of Life Care. I have obtained these certificates while working as a carer and studying for my HND business degree at the same. I found this challenging to combine my study with full time work, however, it has made me realize that I am a determined individual who is keen to work hard in order to achieve my goals. I truly enjoy working as a carer and working with people. I believe that I will have the same affection when I become a nurse. I believe nursing is a form self-enrichment and inherently rewarding work. The reason why I want to progress further from health care worker to Nurse is because during my work, I always felt the need to take on more responsibilities and showed curiosity in gaining in-depth medical/healthcare knowledge. I am excited to begin studying in an Adult Nursing course and I will most definitely enjoy applying the theory learned in class. I have chosen the Adult Nursing BSc because I have the option to specialize in many different areas of healthcare, thus giving me a variety of choices when the course is completed. Adult Nursing is the ideal career choice for me as it enables me to study something that I am not only interested in but passionate about, ensuring that day in, day out, I will know that I have a career in which I can truly make a

Oscar Wildes Fashion Ugliness Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oscar Wildes Fashion Ugliness Argument - Essay Example The paper "Oscar Wilde’s Fashion Ugliness Argument" critically examines whether fashion has some ugliness. Oscar Wilde was arguably right in his observation that the mass market that produces and distributes fashion products is saturated with poor quality products, which are meant to appeal to the end-users within a short period of time as the manufacturers make millions of pounds in profits. Producing fashion items for global consumption generally takes precedent over creativity or individual vision. The skill and creativity in the design of tight undergarments, for example, takes a lesser role as far as creating the commodity is concerned. Serving hundreds of millions of consumers with such unhealthy clothes for â€Å"six months† requires quick production of simple fashion materials through cheap processes for selling multiple times over without paying attention at the health risks and or discomfort that it would pose to the wearers. The end-result is an â€Å"uglyâ €  fashion item that prevents the wearer from freely engaging in his or her everyday duties. In addition, owing to the priority of contemporary corporate bodies that design and produce fashion items to make profits, it is apparent that short-term gains cannot coexist with quality and the â€Å"inner† attraction of fashion items. Profit demands continuous generation of unique designs that are easy to manufacture such as backless blouses for women. Once a fashion design has been accepted, usually by individuals who are under the pressure to generate more revenue.

O2 trans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

O2 trans - Essay Example For such a reason, chemical engineering based on this models treats the circulatory system as a chemical process, with the heart as an ultimate pump and blood vessels acting as pipes. However, the body which is termed as a chemical plant in this perspective since it is accorded with both the output and input systems and allows us to use mathematical equation for modeling oxygen transport. On the other hand, it is of great value to know the term diffusion and convection and towards learning and calculation of the rate of oxygen transport within a human body. This convection is much more dominant in the larger blood vessel like arteries. Also, diffusion occurs more likely within dominant small blood vessel including veins and capillaries. The entire breathing system often begins begin from the nose towards lungs, before finally dissolving in the water lining composed of alveoli. Oxygen hence clings into the red blood cells as they bypass through the alveoli capillaries. The entire circulatory system is mainly responsible for the transport of substances throughout the body. It transports water, oxygen and nutrients to billions of the body cells as well as carrying away of wastes that includes carbon dioxide produced by the body during the entire excretion process. It one of the most amazing highway that revolves through an individual’s entire body while connecting all the available body cells. The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work together towards forming the circular segment of the entire circulatory system. The heart plays a distinct role of pumping blood and keeping of the blood flow throughout an individual’s body. Blood vessels assist in transportation of blood from the heart to all the destined places. Their main role is to the aspect of oxygen transportation from outside into the entire bloodstream, and the release of carbon dioxide from bloodstream into the ultimate

Personal background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal background - Essay Example Choosing to seek a career in business was a mistake. I have always found great satisfaction in helping, supporting and caring for others. I also am very curios about the medical field and have a desire to gain medical knowledge. After finishing my studies, I could see that a career in Business would not provide this but a career in Nursing would. Although I was aware that I did not want to pursue a career in Business, I did not want to end my studies as I am a very committed to finish in whatever I have started. This is why I finished school with a Business degree. Prior to studying Business, I gained four years of care experience in a nursing home for the elderly. This is where my love for caring and looking after vulnerable people developed. My people skills have significantly improved throughout my years working as a carer. I have gained excellent skills that help me communicate with people from diverse backgrounds and with people who have hearing or mental health disabilities. I have also gained experience in dealing with emotionally and physically demanding patients. A key skill in this process is observing behaviour change in patients. I believe I can transfer my experiences and skills in this area towards my Adult Nursing study. My role as a healthcare worker involved caring for people with ageing related illnesses such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, joint illnesses and cancer. I was assigned to observe five service users as a nurse and key worker as well. I worked closely with health care professionals such as district nurses, general practitioners and social workers. My duties included writing out care plans, recording changes in needed care and interacting with the family members of the service user. These duties have given me essential skills in promoting privacy and dignity whilst enhancing independence for the service receiver. Giving excellent person-centered care has always been one of my highest priorities. Through my work , I have managed to obtain a NVQ 2 in health and social care and other certificates such as Recorded and Administered Medication, four day training in Dementia Care and five day training for End of Life Care. I have obtained these certificates while working as a carer and studying for my HND business degree at the same. I found this challenging to combine my study with full time work, however, it has made me realize that I am a determined individual who is keen to work hard in order to achieve my goals. I truly enjoy working as a carer and working with people. I believe that I will have the same affection when I become a nurse. I believe nursing is a form self-enrichment and inherently rewarding work. The reason why I want to progress further from health care worker to Nurse is because during my work, I always felt the need to take on more responsibilities and showed curiosity in gaining in-depth medical/healthcare knowledge. I am excited to begin studying in an Adult Nursing course and I will most definitely enjoy applying the theory learned in class. I have chosen the Adult Nursing BSc because I have the option to specialize in many different areas of healthcare, thus giving me a variety of choices when the course is completed. Adult Nursing is the ideal career choice for me as it enables me to study something that I am not only interested in but passionate about, ensuring that day in, day out, I will know that I have a career in which I can truly make a

O2 trans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

O2 trans - Essay Example For such a reason, chemical engineering based on this models treats the circulatory system as a chemical process, with the heart as an ultimate pump and blood vessels acting as pipes. However, the body which is termed as a chemical plant in this perspective since it is accorded with both the output and input systems and allows us to use mathematical equation for modeling oxygen transport. On the other hand, it is of great value to know the term diffusion and convection and towards learning and calculation of the rate of oxygen transport within a human body. This convection is much more dominant in the larger blood vessel like arteries. Also, diffusion occurs more likely within dominant small blood vessel including veins and capillaries. The entire breathing system often begins begin from the nose towards lungs, before finally dissolving in the water lining composed of alveoli. Oxygen hence clings into the red blood cells as they bypass through the alveoli capillaries. The entire circulatory system is mainly responsible for the transport of substances throughout the body. It transports water, oxygen and nutrients to billions of the body cells as well as carrying away of wastes that includes carbon dioxide produced by the body during the entire excretion process. It one of the most amazing highway that revolves through an individual’s entire body while connecting all the available body cells. The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work together towards forming the circular segment of the entire circulatory system. The heart plays a distinct role of pumping blood and keeping of the blood flow throughout an individual’s body. Blood vessels assist in transportation of blood from the heart to all the destined places. Their main role is to the aspect of oxygen transportation from outside into the entire bloodstream, and the release of carbon dioxide from bloodstream into the ultimate

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay The action comes full circle as George destroys Lennie at the end of the novel. Steinbeck purposely wrote the novel so that it could be turned into a play. Each chapter starts with the description of a scene; the characters come in, speak and then go off as they would in a play. The story is set in 1930s America. It was written in 1937. America and Particularly California was the land of opportunity. It was believed that any person could make their fortune and achieve success by working hard. This was called The American Dream and is what Lennie, George and later on in the film Candy hoped to achieve. This was the America that Steinbeck knew of and experienced this kind of life, because he was alive at this time. The American Dream was destroyed by the depression of the 1930s. The Wall Street Crash in 1929 when the stock markets collapsed triggered this and thousands of people lost everything they had. Hardly anyone could find work easily and many people were driven to become workers travelling from place to place not getting much money, like George and Lennie. Other problems of that time were that farming was easier, they used combine harvesters and other machinery, and so fewer men were needed to do the same jobs. Poor farming methods of that time meant that thousands of acres of farmland dried up rapidly, and became dry deserts. The landscape in the new film reflects the reality of the landscape more clearly and the viewers understood what it was like by watching it. There have been three film versions of the novel Of Mice and Men. Now I will compare the two film versions. Both versions are very effective and brilliant techniques have been used. The older version was made for television, it is episodic, and the new one is in film version. The new film contains well-known actors. Gary Sinise and John Malkovich, this makes more people want to watch it. In the new film we see no action until the titles have finished, which is more effective. In the opening of the new film the camera crosscuts between long shots and close-ups during the chase to highlight the danger. They focus on George and Lennie a bit more than they do with other characters at the beginning. I think they do this so the viewers realise who the main characters are and can get to know them. There are close-ups in Aunt Claras house. Lennie is given a big piece of pie and George gets a small piece. Lennie is shown as being a big kid. In the 1992 version there close-up shots of the mens faces on the train, we see their relief of escaping. They are safe. You hear the sound of the train as the white writing comes down over the black screen. This is very effective and makes you want to keep watching. The train scene is not actually used in the text. The director has added this to make his film more interesting and effective. The lighting in both versions of the novel were quite natural, no use of fake lighting. The director does this to make it more realistic. In the new version of the film the scene changing is very effective. The music in the opening of the old version is varied; it is played on a flute to give a pleasant and optimistic feeling. It becomes intense as the action picks up. This is to reflect the danger and the fear of Lennie and George as they are running. George doesnt want to take care of Lennie anymore and he plans to leave him. When he does this the music becomes quieter. It reflects whats happening in the plot. In the 1992 film version the music is more dramatic. It keeps you in suspense and is more atmospheric. It starts with piano music and then the sound of the train comes in. They do this to make the opening more effective and attention grabbing. The costumes are more or less the same in both versions of the film. They are ragged and dirty. George and Lennie have cravats tied around their necks, and hats. When George and Lennie go to visit Aunt Clara in the old version of the film, Lennie repeats George when presented to Aunt Clara. Yes mam. The director has added this scene into the old version. In the novel the only time she appears is in Lennies imagination. This scene has been included to put Lennie into context; it gives him a background, and shows that he has always been looked after and that the people who know him still treat him like a baby. It also serves to highlight Lennies reliance on George. As an audience we feel really sorry for Lennie when George tricked him to try and free himself from responsibility of looking out for Lennie. Lennie is more childish in the new film. You feel more sympathy for him in the old version. In the 1981 version of the film Curleys wife is portrayed as a bit of a tart, her dressed are tight fitting and she wears lots of makeup. In the scene when she is murdered, she is wearing a tight fitting, black knee length dress with a flower on it. Black represents experience. She has bright red shoes and red earrings. The description of her in the novel is more or less the same as the way she is presented in the films. In the newer version she is wearing a white dress. This represents innocence. She speaks quietly and is quite flirtatious; she is attentive when Lennie is speaking to her. When Lennie murders her, she screams a lot and is more dramatic in the new film. This draws attention to the viewer and gives a slight chill. The men are outside playing their game, they are so near, yet they dont hear her screaming or come to help. It makes it more sinister. When Lennie and Curleys wife are talking in the old film, Lennie doesnt listen to her much and interrupts, but in the newer version he sits and looks like he understands and he listens to her carefully. This makes the audience feel sorry for Lennie in a way because he acts like a big baby. He interrupts and talks about his things and doesnt listen to what Curleys wife is saying. Also, it gives a slight chill because one minute Lennie is being nice to Curleys wife and the next, he kills her. Curleys wife becomes very flirtatious and asks Lennie to stroke her hair. This all leads to the murder. He enjoys this and she looks like she enjoys it. She is more excited in the newer version, there is heavy breathing and she shows that she likes it a lot. Lennie stares at her a lot and there are lots of close-ups of this. In the older version when Lennie kills her, you see the close-up of his hand over her mouth. The camera switches from a low angle shot of her feet to a close up of her face where we see the fear in her eyes and then the camera goes back to her feet where one of her shoes fall off. This is very effective because we see just enough of her eyes to see how scared she is. Then there is the very sad and final indignity where she loses her shoe in death and she has been so proud of her appearance. Then the episode ends to create suspense. The newer version is much closer to the novel. There are only long and mid-shots of Lennie holding her enough to break her neck. There is quiet music up until Lennie starts becoming fierce. The music is more dramatic and brings an atmosphere. The volume increases to show that its important. It keeps the audience hooked. In the older version there is slow haunting music when she dies. This makes it creepy for the viewer.

Treatment and Interventions for Osteoarthritis

Treatment and Interventions for Osteoarthritis INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis is very common among the old age people. It is also termed as wear and tear arthritis as it occurs when the protective cartilage, surrounding the bones, wears and tears down. In the present case study, an old woman, 87 years of age, is admitted into the hospital as she was found near her bed. Although she was lucid and conscious, she was incapable to walk on her own. This report studies intensively the case of Mrs. Mabel and outlines the problems faced by patients like her, who have had past history of osteoarthritis. The report also identifies the potential treatment options and the interventions necessary in such cases. ASSESSMENT The two basic nursing assessment tools for assessing the health condition of Mrs. Mabel are the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). In the former, an intensive analysis of pain including its location, history and interference with activities (Seyed K. Malakouti et al. 2006). The pain is recorded on a scale of 10, with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing pain as bad as you can imagine. The latter tool was designed to assess the depression score in the older patients. Score 11 or greater than 11indicates severe depression. This tool has screening efficiency as it relies on affective rather than the physical symptoms (Tito Mendoza 2006). CLIENT’s HEALTH PROBLEMS Studying the case of Mrs. Mabel, it is evident that the three health problems related to her are the inflammation, severe joint pain and cold and cough. Inflammation occurs when the chemicals from the body are released to the site of infection or injury. Mrs. Mabel was found to have inflammation in her lower leg i.e. swelling and persistent pain, possibly due to leakage of fluid into the tissues. Since cold and cough is generally a symptom in every old patient, in case of Mrs. Mabel it is important to treat the joint inflammation first, followed by the pain and eventually the medications for addressing cough and cold. The pain in osteoarthritis is generally caused when the wear and tear of the cartilage, that surrounds the joint, is to a great extent, such that the ligaments and the tendons are completely stretched out, causing pain. The cartilage acts as a shock absorber and also reduces friction in the joints. Lastly, since we know that Mrs. Mabel had been a smoker in the past, the chances of suffering from cold and cough are pretty high. It is therefore necessary to address the inflammation first, so that the pain in that area is comparatively reduced and then give pharmacological or non pharmacological assistance in reducing the pain in other joints as well. To ensure safe and quality care of Mrs. Mabel, these problems should be addressed in accordance with their priorities. The age factor of Mrs. Mabel should also be taken into consideration as many treatment options, even most of the medications, will prove to be harmful for her age. She should be given the support to move along and also be encouraged to participate in daily activities. GOALS The major goals of osteoarthritis treatment include alleviation of pain and restoring the normal functioning of the person. Since Mrs.Mabel has a serious pain issue such that she complains about it frequently and it is hampering her normal being, it is important to address and treat her pain and reduce her discomfort. Another goal should be to restore her normal functioning. As we know that the right leg of Mrs. Mabel is comparatively shorter than the left leg, she faces problem in moving around and needs a constant support to assist her mobility. Therefore, it is important to address the inflammation in her lower leg and prevent its reoccurrence. To address these goals, the patient generally receives both pharmacological and non pharmacological treatment, the former comprising of drugs and NSAIDs, while the latter comprising of therapies and the physical exercises. Surgical interventions have also suggested that if the joints are severely damaged, then the only option available for treatment is the partial or complete replacement of the joint. INTERVENTIONS The first and the foremost goal is to relieve pain and that can be mediated by psychological intervention techniques like providing education through various programs, coping skills training (CST) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). These techniques help in enhancing self efficacy, help in managing stress, reduce helplessness and catastrophizing. Most patients have easy access to the basic medical care but the psychological aspects are generally neglected. The most commonly used educational intervention is the community based Arthritis Self Management Program, which targets the self efficacy skills and helps in management of arthritis symptoms (Catherine Backman 2006). On the other hand, CBT and CST approaches include cognitive and behavioral exercises like guided imagery or relaxation, changing activity patterns, etc. These exercises help in active coping and alleviation of pain in the osteoarthritis’ patients. The second goal is t restore the normal functioning of the joints and this can be achieved by rehabilitation program that helps in motion of the knee and thereby reduces pain also. The patient is advised to do regular exercises including heel prop exercises, prone hang exercises and also the towel extension stretches. These exercises help in knee extension which is opposite and equal to the normal knee. If the patients do not receive any help from this exercise regime then a hyperextension device (Elite Seat, manufactured by the kneebourne Therapeutic) can be used along with other devices that are used for extension purposes (K. Donald Shelbourne 2007). The rehabilitation program also aims in educating the patients about their daily habits and they should change them in order to relieve tension on the knee and relax. Certain aerobic exercises like bike, stair stepping machine or elliptical machines are also the part of the program. The patients are also encouraged to maintain complet e motion so that the non pharmacological approach provides relief that is permanent as compared to the relief obtained via pharmacological drugs and other analgesics (K. Donald Shelbourn 2007). DISCHARGE There are various problems faced by the elderly patients post discharge after getting the treatment for osteoarthritis done. Like in case of Mrs. Mabel, even after getting the surgery for arthritis done, she still complains of persistent pain in her legs. Post discharge issues generally include comorbid physical health problems, depression, and limitation in the functional capacity and improper dietary regulation (T. James 2005). Among all the patients of osteoarthritis, majority of them report persistent pain, even after the surgery. Another issue is the tight check on the weight because osteoarthritis can be severely influenced by obesity and can prove fatal. Next problem or issue faced by the patients post discharge is the intake of medications on a regular basis. Post discharge medications like Acetaminophen and NSAIDs are generally given to the patients. The former is used to reduce pain if taken in prescribed dose and the latter helps in providing relief from swelling and the p ain due to it. Apart from the medications, the doctors generally advise regular physiotherapy exercises that will help in keeping the join in motion and gradually provide the necessary extension to the joints such that the normal functioning is restored. Therefore there are many issues governing the discharge from the hospital. In order to address these issues it important to discuss the problems with the health care specialist first. Older people find it very difficult to cope with the pain and the reduced mobility. They have to keep themselves dependent on various analgesics and the anti inflammatory medicines that help in relieving pain and providing the necessary comfort. In case of Mrs. Mabel she was detected with an inflammation on her lower leg. Likewise, post discharge, there is high risk of inflammation, blood clots and swelling. Even after being treated, the patient may encounter situations of helplessness and depression, which may arise as a result of incapability to part icipate in the routine or daily activities and thereby developing high levels of anxiety. In order to avoid or prevent these issues, the family must take the responsibility of their older loved ones, once they are discharged. Their support, care and continuous monitoring will enable the patients to cope with the prevailing situation and help in quick recovery. CONCLUSION This report gives a detailed description about the symptoms, causes and the crises faced by Mrs. Mabel. It outlines the major interventions and strategies that will her cope with her situation. Techniques like education through various programs, coping skills training (CST) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), work on the psychological aspect of the patient. Along with these the rehabilitation regime also aids in helping the patient by reducing pain and swelling. The major goals of the patient care have also been outlined in this report like the goals of alleviating the pain and restoring the normal functioning of the joints. To summarize, this report is important as it throws light on the condition of the patient and the necessary plan of action that is adopted for the care. It also draws attention towards the post discharge problems, that the patient will face and lists out the strategies that can help and address those issues.

Elie Weisel Night :: Essays Papers

Elie Weisel Night The advice the young polish prisoner gave seemed to be very sound advice. He told them that they needed to remember they were all in it together, and that they had to help each other out when they could. He also told them not to loss hope, they needed to have the faith to keep going everyday. This advice is good because as long as they still care for each other then when they are released they will still have their humanity. Also by helping each other they made the work easier for everyone. He tells a story of a young man and his father as they are leaving Buna for Gliewitz. The young man sees his father falling behind because he can’t keep up, but the son doesn’t stop to wait. Later that night the father asks Elie Wieselif he has seen his son, Elie Wiesel says no he has not before he remembers that he saw the man leave his dad behind. This shows that it was easy for people to start just considering themselves and ignoring everyone including, their loved ones. The advice certainly would not be easy to fallow. But it does seem like good advice and Elie Wiesel seemed to have fallowed it and it did help him. Elie worried about his father and helped him on the march, in return him and his father worked as a team. Elie’s dad would bring him extra rations when he could and when they worked together elie would try to help his father out with any work he could. The other part of the advice was that they keep their faith. This is helpful because if they gave up and lost faith then they would no longer have a reason to live. They needed to be able to believe that the war would end and they would be free. Elie started to lose his faith in god and he felt there was a

The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children Essay example -- Violence

Depression and post traumatic stress disorder are two of the main illnesses seen in children after being exposed to domestic violence. Among depression and post traumatic stress disorder, there are multiple sub-categories to help place the severity of the disorder. Many influences can change the severity of a disorder in the child including but not limited to: length of exposure, type of exposure, and time-lapse since the exposure. Domestic violence is defined as violence between members of a household such as that of a married couple or a parent to one’s child. Some cases of domestic violence can just be through witnessing while some of the more scarring events occur directly to the child. Domestic violence can be separated into three smaller categories: physical abuse, sexual abuse, and psychological abuse. The most common type of domestic violence is done through physical abuse. This can include hitting, kicking, punching, choking, etc. Physical abuse can be minor in that it just leaves bruises or a bad memory, but physical abuse can also be as serious as broken bones, time in the hospital, or as serious as death. Sexual abuse is also a very common type of abuse. Pressuring a child to do sexual acts, child pornography, and unwanted penetration to a child’s genitals are all forms of sexual abuse. Psychological abuse is the least common form of abuse performed. Psychological abuse does e xactly what the name states. It’s abuse to someone through their mind such as telling someone they are fat or that they are ugly. Domestic violence can be scary for the young children who witness it. Depending on the situation, domestic violence can have negative outcomes that can stay with the child for the rest of his... ...ional Journal 34 (2010): 448-453. EBSCO. Smith, Barbera E., Laura B. Nickles, Darlanne Hoctor Mulmat, and Heather J. Davies. Helping Children Exposed To Domestic Violence:Law Enforcement And Community Partnerships. Washington D.C: American Bar Association, 2000. Print. "The Facts on Health Care and Domestic Violence." Family Violence Prevention Fund. University California, San Francisco, n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2014. . "Turning Point Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Services." Turning Point Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Services. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Sept. 2014. . Volpe, Joseph S. "Effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Adolescents: An Overview." American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress. N.p., 1996. Web. 7 Sept. 2014. .

Poem of William Caslos William

POEM (WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS) William Carlos Williams is a pioneer who creates a whole new realm in American poetry. He is regarded as an important and influential poet because of his unique and usually plain style. The poem â€Å"Poem† is one of the most prominent poems reflecting Williams’ style of writing. In this piece of work, Williams discusses a central contrast between the mortality of life and immortality of art through the image of two roses – in nature and in poetry. It can be said that life is symbolized by the rose, the central image and also the main theme of â€Å"Poem†.The real rose and unreal one are skillfully used to represent two factors: the reality and the art. In nature, a rose which cannot avoid the cycle of time undergoes stages of nature rules. First, it germinates from a seed. Then, it grows up and blooms or blossoms. Next, it fades or discolored. Finally, it dies. â€Å"The rose fades – And is renewed again – By its seed naturally† (Williams, 1983). The issue of the rose fading show that life, no matter what forms, follows the nature changing rule and eventually fades away.Meanwhile, Williams uses the image of the rose in poem to respect the art because the real rose will fade naturally but the rose of art keeps an ever-lasting beauty: â€Å"Save in the poem – shall it go – to suffer no diminution – of its splendor† (Williams, 1983). Generally, the whole poem presents the central contrast of nature versus art, death versus life and cycle of time versus perfection that lasts forever. With respect to the highlighted image of the rose in poetry, it can not be touch but lives forever and remains perfect, fresh, young, and beautiful regardless of time.It has the empowerment of splendor, perfection, and immortality. In fact, Williams’ intention after his words of praising the power of the rose in poem is to advocate the power of art in general. It seems th at the poet gives prominence to art whose role is to inspire and guide people through curves of life thanks to its beauty and significance of teaching truth, giving beauty and pleasure, shaping moral characters, showing power of language and showing human experience.

Bollywood and Gender

Research Proposal Aim: To study and compare the role of women in some of the women centric Hindi films released between 1980 to 1990 and 2000 and 2010. Objective: To study the issues of gender, caste, development that were perceived in Indian cinema then and now in women centric films. A comparative study about the representation of women in Indian cinema then and now in women centric films. Scope: There are a numerous women centric films that are created in diverse languages around the world. When we focus even on one specific type, we get to know about the culture and thought process of that specific region. Also, a strong statement emerges out of the analysis which is a reflection of the prevailing ideologies in the society. This paper will be mark a statement on the thought process, beliefs of the people especially for the women. These beliefs systems and ideologies will be compared through women centric Bollywood movies that were released between 1980’s to 1990’s and 2000 to 2010. The scope can be extended to many women centric movies made in various languages other than Hindi. One can also include the earliest of the eras for a detailed comparison and in-depth study. Not only a comparison on the issues like gender and caste but also a comparison on other issues like lifestyle, costumes, movie posters etc can be done. Limitations: This paper is limited only to Bollywood films because of the language constraints. Also, only two decades have been chosen since the comparison and study would be possible with a limited number of films to study. Also, from each decade four women centric films are chosen and then studied thoroughly. Followed by is a detailed analysis of the movie based on the issues of Gender, caste, development, ideologies. Research Question: What is the difference in the representation of women portrayed earlier (1980-1990) and that which is shown now (2000-2010)? †¢ What are the factors that have affected the change in the representation of women in Hindi cinema esp. between the 1980- 1990 and 2000-2010? And how is the transition identified? †¢ Was the image of women shown in the movies of 1980-1990 stronger, bolder than tho se shown now (2000-2010)? Introduction: Confirming Aristotle’s view of art as an imitation of life, gender discrimination in the Hindi film industry does indeed reflect the bias that exists in Indian society. The gender ratio in India is heavily skewed in the favor of males (1. 08 male(s)/female) (from CIA’s publication). Thus, Indian moviegoers are presumed to be mostly men—roughly between the age of 15 to 34 years. These moviegoers, according to an all-India survey by a research organization, enjoy mindless comedies. Such thinking dominates cinematic expression in one of the world’s largest centers of film production. The Indian entertainment industry stands at $10 billion today and is expected to grow at 18 percent per annum compounded annually over the next two years (Economic Times). An average Indian spends approximately 4. 6 percent of disposable income on movie watching in theaters. And because issue-based films are not a favorite with the masses, a producer opts for subjects with more appeal so that he or she can recuperate the huge investments involved in film production. Even female filmmakers do not risk funding for their films by focusing on women-centric subjects. At New York’s iView Film Festival held in 2009, which explored gender and sexuality issues, filmmakers and actors on the panel were asked to comment on the presentation of social issues through Indian films. Zoya Akhtar, the filmmaker of  Luck By Chance (2009), and a panel member commented on the female protagonist in her film saying that, â€Å"The character could have been any; the fact that she is a woman is a coincidence. † But because the film ends up centering on the story of a woman, the director struggled for six years to make the film—apparently because numerous male actors turned down the costarring role. She had a difficult time despite her insider status in the industry as the daughter of renowned Indian scriptwriters, Javed Akhtar and the sister of an accomplished film director, actor, producer and singer, Farhan Akhtar. The absence of female centric scripts in main stream Hindi cinema is partially to be blamed because of its commercial viability. Also, commercially super-hit films like Jab We Met(2007) and Paa(2009) are termed as female centric films, but on observing closely, we realize that both the female characters in the end need their male counterpart to overcome their grief or are heavily relied on them to ensure a happy ending to their story. Hindi cinema is divided into ‘trends’ or ‘eras’. Starting from the silent ra in 1920s, Hindi cinema has evolved tremendously in terms of technique, story telling and the stories that were told. The period from late 1940s till 1960s is considered as the ‘Golden era’ of Indian cinema. Bollywood witnessed a new wave in form of content, where earlier movies focused mainly on mythological stories, after independence, their focus shifted on development issues (Do Bigha Zameen- in 1953), gender (Bandini-in 1963), caste di scrimination (Sujata-in 1959), etc. In the early years of Indian cinema, it was Bimal Roy who made a host of films in which his heroines had the lead part to play. Commercial cinema then had female centric scripts and Nutan, Meenakumari, Madhubala and Waheeda Rehman have portrayed some of the most powerful female characters in Hindi cinema and delivered super-hit films. The role played by Zeenat Amaan in the movie (Qurbani-in 1980) was much ahead of its time. It was bold and headstrong unlike of the characters that we seen in the movies of late 90’s. One of the outstabding commercial hits Seeta aur Geeta concentrated more on the heroines rather than the two heroes. Besides such mirrored plots, some movis have focused exclusively on the heroine and woven the script around a central female character. In such films, the woman has no prototype. Jaya Bhaduri’s Guddi was one of the early hits where the innocent girl next door image of a star struck teenager became representative of each school going girl for years to come. In other films like Aandhi, an educated wife changes course midway from a happily married woman to a leading politician. When we compare those films with the films produced during 1990s and later, we can see stark contrast in the way female leads were being portrayed. Not only in their portrayal of the character, but also in the way the content of the movie that was generated. At times or rather most of the times, they were meant to accomplishments to their male counterparts. Shridevi in Lamhe(1991), Madhuri Dixit in Hum Aapke Hain Koun-(1994), Karishma Kapoor in Dil to Paagal Hain-(1997), Fiza-(2000) ,Kajol in Dushman-(1998) and Aishwarya Rai in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam-(1999), Taal-(1999) and Guzaarish-(2010) were some of the most popular leading ladies during this era. Though they were brilliant performers, they hardly were part of a movie where they were not shown adhered to the wishes of the male lead, society and family. It becomes mandatory to ultimately create an image of an ‘ideal’ girl/woman for the audience (here consumers) because that’s how our society works and secondly it becomes easy for that the idea to sell; hence increase in numbers and popularity. Films like â€Å"Dor† (2006), â€Å"Silsilay† (2005), â€Å"Tehzeeb† (2003), â€Å"Pinjar† (2003), â€Å"Chameli† (2003), â€Å"Satta† (2003), â€Å"Filhaal† (2002), â€Å"Zubeidaa† (2001) â€Å"Lajja† (2001), â€Å"Chandni Bar† (2001) and â€Å"Fiza† (2000) brought the woman into the spotlight – all these films got critical acclaim, but they didn't turn out to be a commercial hit. Surprisingly, in recent times, No One Killed Jessica was the only ‘women centric film’ that sort of worked at the box office. All said and done, it shows that we lack on ideas. We as audience are treading backward as we choose to accept only a specific image of woman being shown. Hence, I would focus on a comparative study of two different bollywood era. This will not only comment on the techniques and style of film making, but it will also comment on the kind of cinema accepted by the masses then and now. It will clearly showcase the image of a girl or a woman being shown by the film makers and its acceptance by the audience. It will talk about how issues of gender, caste, development were perceived in Indian cinema then and now. Hence, it will become a cultural comparative study of two different decades from Indian history and will help us understand that how the term ‘Indian Culture’ has evolved over a period of time. A Tentative Bibliography: †¢ Criticisicm and Truth by Roland Barthes |   | |Television commercials and rural women as audience in India by Ila Patel | | | | | |Ways of Seeing by John Berger | | | | | |About Looking by John Berger | | | | | |Women and Art contested Territory by ChicagoJudy | | | | | |Bollywood in Posters by Ausaja. S. M. M. | | | | | |A Thinking Eye by Paul Klee | | Reference Links: www. indianetzone. com www. indianlink. com www. altlawforum. org www. expressindia. com www. semionaut. com www. sebsteph. com www. slideshare. net Heta Vyas MAJ 0310

Management of Software Projects -2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of Software Projects -2 - Essay Example Moreover, the project management standards utilize themes, tools and techniques for managing and monitoring of the projects, the document contains a discussion and comparison of these tools and techniques. In the end, the document recommends the project management standard for appraising, planning and executing successful projects in the organization. Introduction The Project Management Institute (PMI) provides a well recognized project management standard known as Project Management Professionals (PMP). The project managers usually get a certification of PMP for learning the ethical behaviour with the project team and knowing responsibilities for taking informed decisions regarding the project. The PMP provides a set of five (5) processes, nine (9) knowledge areas along with a code of ethics for managing a project successfully. The five (5) processes include: the initiation, planning, executing, monitoring and control, and project closure. It is required for the project manager to f ollow the prescribed processes of the PMP (as per the policy of the organization) by managing the project activities from the project appraisal (initiation) till project closure. The PMP enhances the skills of the project manager to make decisions, providing directions to the project team and executing projects in a professional manner. ... The project manager is responsible for allocating the resources (hardware, human, financial) and managing the project scheduling. The project manager would be responsible to manage the scope of the project (scope management). The PMP recommends the project manager to respect others and establishing a close working relationship with the team members by effective communication (Project Management Institute Inc., 2004). PRINCE2 (Project IN Controlled Environment) is a project management standard used in more than 150 countries for successfully managing a project. PRINCE2 consists of a several themes, set of principals, and a project management lifecycle. There are seven (7) themes of the PRINCE2 include: Risk, Change, Progress, Business Case, Organization, Quality and Plans. These themes of the PRINCE2 explain the significant project management aspects which need to be managed and handled during the execution of the project lifecycle. In PRINCE2 a plan is not just about the cost managem ent, schedule management and resources management, however, plans are set of documents explaining what to be achieved, how to be achieved and when to be achieved by whom the goals of a project. The PRINCE2 utilizes product planning technique for creating diverse types of plans. The product-based planning is used by the PRINCE2 which is one of the most powerful techniques for project managers to manage a project. The PRINCE2 recommends and uses different levels of the plan involve diverse human resources for managing the project successfully. These plans include: the project plan, stage plan(s) and team plan(s). As the PRINCE2 utilizes product-based planning having seven steps for creating or developing plans include:

Buyer- open to buy 1,214,000 for retail store- demographics Essay

Buyer- open to buy 1,214,000 for retail store- demographics - Essay Example In view of the various businesses available, I would like to deal with the women business suits during the spring season. This is because business suits are widely accommodated by the general population. Bloomingdale business store located in New York is my business venture. It is a business that delivers an awesome world-class experience in retailing. It showcases a brand portfolio and represents latest and desirable merchandise throughout main and stores at home alike (Donnellan 17). Ladies suits can generate more profits unlike the casual wear that is only for a youth and cannot be worn during the spring season at various occasions. The store deals in the ladies suits and separates. These include suiting, dresses, statement jackets, skirts, layering pieces and pants. The goal of any business start up or an established one is to make profits. Consequently, I would deal in designs that would bring in more profits in my operations. Taking into consideration the spring season, the la dies are to cover their bodies for warmth and still ensure that they are more trendy and decent. There is an upcoming trend in the mode of dress for all ladies to become decent and my customers would not be left aback either. There is much beauty in decency and smartness. The premises that are used in business should be cheap in the form of the rent paid so that it cuts on a number of costs. There should always be a careful inspection and analysis of all business costs that may be affected by the business location. The order to buy amount will act as the capital for the merchandise business. The order to buy amount will be used to buy grey suits, blue suits, gray pinstripe suit, skirt suits, dress shirts, and black suits. This is to be able to satisfy the need of the many customers available. The order to buy amount will be divided proportionately to avail the stock. The merchandise is made in the European tropical wool so that it fits the spring season. It is of great

Kinship among South Indian Communities Literature review

Kinship among South Indian Communities - Literature review Example Kinship among South Indian communities has been indispensable and the main form of social organization (caste system). The caste system was a closed hereditary group to which a person belonged strictly by birth. At one point, there were relationships based on endogamous marriage between two people from the same caste. Kinship is also concerned about the productive anxiety of relations of distinction and sameness, the main aspects being the ties that separate or bind. In a fishing village, ‘the Marianad’ what matters is the relations between siblings. The children of the same father and mother, siblings are similar apart from their gender. The strongest differentiation is made between siblings of different gender, a difference that has a great effect in the following generation (Busby 2000; 1995). Therefore, among the â€Å"Marianads† sisters are viewed to be identical in a manner that brother and sister cannot be. Sisters in this tribe, live closely, they are spot ted with each other baby either carrying or feeding it. Contrary, brothers are different in that they move to their wife’s houses in distinct villages, although they view their brother’s children as their own, and they often refer to them as their daughters or sons. The word Dravidian refers to a family dialect mainly spoken in South India. The Dravidian family is different in both origin and structure from the Anglo-Aryan family located in North India. People from South India classify kin based on the difference in sex, the difference in age, the difference in generation, and difference of kin identical with union relationship. This system exemplifies a sociological theory of marriage, and it justifies the issue of someone marrying a cross-cousin (Clark-Deces 2011; Bourdieu 1997). The Marianad people do not have the separate terminologies for the younger and elder sibling, uncles, and aunts. They also do not differentiate between kin identified to ego’s parents via same-sex association (parallel kin) and kin identified to ego’s parents via opposite se-associations. Writers such as Dumont try to suggest the differentiation between the cross and parallel kin in comprehending marriage choices and decisions in South India (Dumont 2006). The children of parents’ same or similar sex siblings (the fathers-in-law and mothers-in-law) are absorbed to the position of elder or young siblings, with whom sexual intimacy, marriage and sexual activities are prohibited. On the other hand, the children of parents’ cross-sex siblings (fathers-in-law and mothers-in-law) are absorbed to the position of spouses or wives with whom marriage is accepted or permitted in that in some castes in south India, it is preferred and prescribed. It is significant to note that these terms recommend separation between relatives (in-laws) and kin, which is not the same as our cultural differentiation between relatives by marriage and blood relatives.